chapter 16 notes - education, early learning and culture | …€¦ · · 2009-01-07p generation...

Chapter16GeneticsandHeredity

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Title:Chapter16(1of212)

Section16.1GeneticsofInheritance

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Title:16.1(2of212)

Homework:PreparationAssignmentReadpages522528,andtakenotesonthesepages.

Definewhatismeantbythefollowingterms:

Traits Heredity Genetics

Gene Allele Variations

Purebred TrueBreeding

Title:Oct169:43AM(3of212)

HomeworkReviewDefinewhatismeantbythefollowingterms:

Traits:

Heredity:



Genetics:

Gene:

Allele:


Title:Dec91:15PM(6of212)


Variations:

Purebred:

TrueBreeding:


MonohybridCrossReadPages529530,anddefinethefollowingterms:

PGeneration

F1Generation

F2Generation

Dominant

Recessive

Homozygous

Heterozygous

TimedActivity:


LokenTimer2.swf

DefinitionsTwoimportanttermsingeneticsare genotypeandphenotype.

Genotype

referstothegeneticmakupofanorganism.Inourmice,forexample,awhitemousewillalwayshavethegenotypebb.AblackmousemayhavethegenotypeBBorBB.

Phenotype

referstothephysicalappearanceofatraitinanorganism.Forexample,amousemaybeheterozygousforfurcolor,withthegenotypeBb,butthephenotypewillbethatthemouseisblack.


Peaplantshaveseveraltraitsthatareeasytoidentify.

Forexample,theplantsmaybeeithertallorshort.

Thischaracteristiciscontrolledbyasinglegene,whichhastwoalleles.

Tallisthedominantcharacteristic,soweusethenotation:

Tallallele: T

Shortallele: t

Alleles


Atruebreedingtallplantwillbehomozygoustall.

TT(bothgenescarrythedominantallele)

Ashortplantwillbehomozygousshort.

tt(bothgenescarrytherecessiveallele)

Homozygous


Aheterozygousplantcarriesoneofeachallele.

TtBecausetheallelefortallisdominant,thetallcharacteristicisstillexpressed.

Heterozygous


MonohybridCrossDescribewhatismeantbythePrincipleofDominanceandtheLawofSegregation.

PrincipleofDominance:

LawofSegregation:


PrincipleofDominance


LawofSegregation

Tt


MonohybridCrossWhatarethepossibleresults?

Tt Tt

X


PunnettSquaresAPunnettSquareisaconvenientwaytoorganizethepossiblecombinationsofallelesinacrossing.

Tt Tt

X


MonohybridCrossUseadiagramtooutlinethefollowinghypotheticalcrossing.

Onespeciesofmousemaybeeitherblackorwhite,withfurcolorbeingcontrolledbyasinglegene.Thealleleforblackfurisdominanttothealleleforwhitefur.

Ifapurebredblackmouseisbredtoapurebredwhitemouse,whatwillthephysicalcolor oftheoffspringbe?Whatwilltheir geneticmakeup be?

Useadiagramtoexplainyouranswer!


Alloffspringofthiscrosswillbeheterozygous (genotype)andhave blackfur(phenotype)


MonohybridCrossUseadiagramtooutlinethefollowinghypotheticalcrossing.

IftwoF1micefromthepreviousexamplearecrossed,whatratioofphysicalcharacteristicsandgeneticmakeupwouldyouexpecttofindintheoffspring?

UseaPunnettsquaretoexplainyouranswer!


MonohybridCrossSolution

Thiscrosswillresultintwophenotypes,with75%beingblackand25%beingwhite.However,therearethreepossiblegenotypes:25%homozygousblack50%heterozygous(butstillhavingblackfur,thedominanttrait)and25%homozygouswhite


PunnettSquaresInthepreviousexampleusingmice,thePunnetsquareallowsustoeasilyseethepossibleresultsofanF 1cross.

Femalegametesaregenerallyplacedacrossthetop

Malegametesaregenerallyplaceddowntheleftside

Youneedtoknowthegenotypeofbothparentstofillinthepossiblegametes.

SincetheF1miceareallheterozygous,theycouldeachproduceaBorabgamete(ie:agametecarryingeitherthedominantorrecessiveallele)

B

B

b

b


PunnettSquaresFillinthesquare,andanalyzetheresults.

Byfillinginthepossiblecombinations,youcanseethat:

1/4offspringareBB,or homozygousdominant,andwillhaveblackfur

2/4,inotherwords1/2,areBb,orheterozygous ,andwillhaveblackfur

1/4offspringarebb,or homozygousrecessive ,andwillhavewhitefur


SampleProblemUsePunnetSquarestosolvethefollowingproblem:

Infruitflies,redeyesaredominantoverwhiteeyes.ShowtheF1generationresultsofacrossbetweenapurebreedingredeyedflyandapurebreedingwhiteeyedfly.Describetheratioofphenotypesandgenotypesinthisgeneration.

Then,showtheF2generationresults,anddescribetheratioofphenotypesandgenotypesinthisgeneration.

Giveabout5minutestocompletethisquestion,thenreviewthesolutiononthefollowingpages.


LokenTimer2.swf

SampleProblemSolution

Becausebothparentsare purebreeding ,theyareboth homozygous .Asaresult,eachgametefromeitherparentwillcarrythesameallele.

Therefore,alloffspringintheF 1generationare heterozygous ,andwilldisplaythedominanttrait ...inthiscase, redeyes.



100%oftheF1offspringwilldisplaytheredeyedphenotype,andbeheterozygous(genotype)


SampleProblemSolutionWhenyoucrosstwooftheF 1flies,bothparentsare heterozygous .

IntheF 2generation,yougetadistinctpatternofphenotypes,with 75%showingthedominanttrait and25%showingtherecessivetrait .

However,whenyoulookatthegenotypes,youseethatonly 25%arehomozygousdominant50%areheterozygous and25%arehomozygousrecessive .


TestCrossWhatisthegenotypeofawhiteeyedfruitfly?

Howdoyouknow?


TestCrossWhataboutaredeyedfly?

Whatarethepossiblegenotypes?

Howwouldyoudeterminethegenotypeofaredeyedfly?

Performatestcross.

Whatphenotypewouldyouusetocrosstheredeyedflywith?Why?


TestCrossOutlinethepossibleresultsofthetestcross,andhowyouwouldinterpretthem.

Whatresultswouldindicatetheredeyedflywashomozygous?

Whatresultswouldindicatetheredeyedflywashomozygous?


HomeworkCompletetheSampleProblemactivityonpage533


InClassAssignmentandHomework

ReviewSection16.1,pages526534

CompleteQuestions#8,10,11,13,and15onpage535

BringtwoquarterstoclassonThursday


DeterminingGenotypesTestCrossIfyoulookatafruitfly,canyoudeterminethegenotypeforeyecoloebyobservingthephenotype?

Youcaniftheflyiswhiteeyed,becausethewhiteeyealleleisrecessive...sotheonlywayaflycouldhavewhiteeyeswouldbeifitwashomozygous.

rr


DeterminingGenotypesTestCrossButwhatiftheflyhasredeyes?

Therearetwopossiblegenotypesthatproduceredeyes:

RrRR


DeterminingGenotypesTestCrossInthiscase,thegenotypecanbedeterminedbyperformingatestcross.

Thisinvolvescrossingtheflywithaflywhichishomozygousrecessiveforthetraitbeingobserved.Byobservingthephenotypesoftheoffspring,youcanthendeterminethegenotypeoftheunknownparent.

UsePunnettsquarestopredictthepercentagesofphenotypesifawhiteeyed(homozygousrecessive)femaleflyiscrossedwitharedeyedmale.

YouwillneedtocreateonePunnettsquaretoshowtheresultsifthemaleishomozygous,andonetoshowtheexpectedresultsifthemaleisheterozygous.


DeterminingGenotypesTestCross


SampleProblemIncats,longhairisrecessivetoshorthair.

1) Atruebreedingshorthairedmaleismatedtoatruebreedinglonghairedfemale.Whatwilltheirkittenslooklike?

2) Ifyouperformedatestcrossonashorthairedfemalecat,whatphenotypeshouldthemalecathave?Why?

3) Ifthetestcrossresultedineightkittens,whatratiosofphenotypeswouldyouexpectifthefemalewashomozygous?Heterozygous?

4) Whatifthetestcrossresultedinsevenshorthairedkittens,andonelonghairedkitten?Howcanyouexplaintheseresults?


DeterminingGenotypesTestCross


HomeworkAnyquestionsonanyofthehomeworkproblems?


Section16.2ComplexInheritancePatterns

ReturntoContents

Title:16.2(77of212)

Inpairs,completetheminilabonpage531.

Writetheanswerstoquestions#13inthelab.

Anyquestions?


LokenTimer2.swf

ComplexPatternsofInheritanceMultipleTraits

Itispossibletolookatmorethanonetraitatatime.

Forexample,inpeaplantsyoucouldlookatbothcolorandtheshapeoftheseed.

Coloriscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,Y(yellow)andy(green)

Shapeiscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,R(round)andr(wrinkled)

Whataretheresultsofcrossingatruebreedingyellow,roundplantwithatruebreedinggreen,wrinkledplant?


YellowRoundPlant

*Thisisthephenotype

*Whatisthegenotype?

*Whatalleleswillallgametescontain?


GreenWrinkledPlant

*Thisisthephenotype

*Whatisthegenotype?

*Whatalleleswillallgametescontain?


Givetheresultsofthiscross:

Thisisthegeneration.

Phenotype:

Genotype:


SampleProblem:

Chickenscanhavebrownorwhitefeathers,withbrowncolordominant.

Theycanalsohavelongorshorttailfeathers,withshortfeathersdominant.

Whatarethephenotypesandgenotypesofchickensproducedbycrossingabrown,shorttailedmalewithawhite,longtailedfemale?(Assumebothparentsaretruebreedingforbothtraits.)



F1Generation

Phenotype:

Genotype:


Whatifhomozygouswhite,longtailedmalewascrossedwithahomozygousbrown,heterozygousshorttailedfemale?

Whatgametescouldbeproducedbytheseparents?

Genotype Genotype

PossibleGametes: PossibleGametes:


Title:Dec129:26AM(92of212)

MultipleTraitsExamplefromyesterday'sclass:

Inpeaplantscoloriscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,Y(yellow)andy(green)

Shapeiscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,R(round)andr(wrinkled)

Whataretheresultsofcrossingatruebreedingyellow,roundplantwithatruebreedinggreen,wrinkledplant?

First,youhavetodeterminethepossibleparentgametes.


MultipleTraits

Truebreedingyellow, Truebreedinggreen,roundplant wrinkledplant

Possible

Gam

etes

Genotype

YYRR yyrr

YR yr


MultipleTraitsWhatarethegenotypesoftheF1plants?

100%heterozygousforbothtraits

Whataretheirphenotypes?

100%yellow,round(thedominanttraitisdisplayed)

YyRrYR

yr


MultipleTraits

WhatpercentagesofphenotypesandgenotypeswouldyouexpectintheF2generationifyoucrossedtwoplantsfromtheF1generation?

Again,thefirststepistodeterminethepossiblealleles.

WhatarethepossiblegametesthattheF1plantscouldform?

F1Genotype: YyRrPossibleGametes:

YR Yr yR yr


LawofIndependentAssortmentInheritanceofallelesforonetraitdoesnotaffecttheinheritanceofallelesforanothertrait.

Inotherwords,allelesfordifferentcharacteristicsarepassedontotheoffspringindependentlyofoneanother,sothattheoffspringmayhavecombinationsthataredifferentfromeitheroftheparents.

Whatprocessincelldivisionallowsforthistohappen?

Canyouthinkofasituationwhereitwouldbemorelikelythatalleleswouldbekepttogether?


LawofSegregation

Bb

tR

Tr

Bblackfurbbrownfur

Rroughcoatrsmoothcoat

Tlongtailtshorttail


MultipleTraitsCreateaPunnettsquaretodeterminethephenotypesandgenotypesoftheF2generationinthepeaplantexample.

Remember,theF1plantswereheterozygousforbothtraits,andtherearefourpossiblegametesformedfromeachparent.


SampleProblem:

Yesterday,welookedatthissampleproblem:

Chickenscanhavebrownorwhitefeathers,withbrowncolordominant.

Theycanalsohavelongorshorttailfeathers,withshortfeathersdominant.

Whenabrown,shorttailedmaleiscrossedwithawhite,longtailedfemale,whatarethephenotypesandgenotypesoftheF 1offspring?(Assumebothparentsaretruebreedingforbothtraits.) yesterday'ssolution...


SampleProblem:

F1Genotype: BbSsF1Phenotype: Alloffspringwillbebrownwithshorttailfeathers

WhatarethepossiblegametesthattheF1chickenscouldform?

PossibleGametes:

BS Bs bS bs


CreateaPunnettsquaretodeterminethephenotypesandgenotypesoftheF2generationresultingfromcrossingtwooftheF1chickens.


SampleProblem:

Inguineapigs,theallelefordarkfurisdominanttothealleleforwhitefur.

Thealleleforroughcoatsisdominanttothealleleforsmoothcoats.

Findthegenotypeandphenotyperatiosoftheoffspringresultingfromacrossofadark,roughcoatedmalewithawhite,smoothcoatedfemale.*

*(Bothoftheseparentguineapigsaretruebreedingforbothtraits)


First,determinethegenotypesofbothparents:

Male Female

PossibleGametes:

Male Female



F1Generation

Phenotype:

Genotype:


DeterminetheresultsofacrossbetweentwoF1individuals.

First,determinethegenotypesofbothF1parents:

MaleandFemale

PossibleGametes:

MaleandFemale


CreateaPunnettsquaretodeterminethephenotypesandgenotypesoftheF2generationresultingfromcrossingtwooftheF1guineapigs.


Homework:1. Adihybridcrossismadeofpeaplants.Purpleflowers(P)aredominant

andwhiteflowers(p)arerecessive.Tallplants(T)aredominantandandshortplants(t)arerecessive.Bothparentsareheterozygousforbothtraits.PrepareaPunnettsquaretodeterminethephenotypicratiosoftheoffspring.

WhatMendelianlawdoesthisratiodemonstrate?

Solution:

Whatisthegenotypeofbothparents?

PpTt

Whatpossiblegametsareformed?

PT Pt pT pt


Homework1) Solution


Homework

Completethehomeworkassignmentsheet.UsePunnettsquareswhereappropriate.Besuretoanswerallquestions.


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsAtestcrosswhenlookingatmultipletraitsisthesameasinasingletrait.Theonlydifferenceis,youwillcrossyourunknowngenotypewithanindividualthatishomozygousrecessiveforbothofthecharacteristicsyouareinvestigating.

Howcanyoutellanindividualhasahomozygousrecessivegenotype?


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsWhatarethepossiblegenotypesofayellow,roundpeaplant?(Remember,yellowpeasaredominanttogreenpeas,androundpeasaredominantoverwrinkledpeas.)*Hint:therearefourpossibilities!

Whatwouldtheresultsofeachtestcrossbe?(Sincetherearefourpossibilities,therewillbefourpossibletestcrossresults.) Seeresults...


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsTestcrossofround,yellowpeaplant.WhataretheresultsifthegenotypeisYYRR?


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsTestcrossofround,yellowpeaplant.WhataretheresultsifthegenotypeisYYRr?


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsTestcrossofround,yellowpeaplant.WhataretheresultsifthegenotypeisYyRR?


TestCrosswithMultipleTraitsTestcrossofround,yellowpeaplant.WhataretheresultsifthegenotypeisYyRy?


MultipleTraitsSampleProblemIncats,blackcolorisdominanttoaspecialgenewhichproducescreamcoloredcatswithdarklegs,facesandtails(Siamesecats,incaseyoudontrecognizeit).Lengthoffuriscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleleslonghairisdominanttoshorthair.

WhataretheF 1expectedresultsofacrossbetweenatruebreedinglonghairedblackcatandatruebreedingshorthairedSiamesecoloredcat?


MultipleTraitsSampleProblemIftwoF 1catsarecrossed,whatgenotypeandphenotyperatioswouldyouexpectintheF 2offspring?

BL

BL Bl

Bl

bl

bl

bL

bL

BBLL BBLl

BBLl BBll

BbLl

BbLl

BbLL

BbLL

BbLl

BbLl

Bbll

Bbll bbll

bbLL bbLl

bbLl

Black,Long:9

Black,Short:3

Siamese,Long:3

Siamese,Short:1


MultipleTraitsSampleProblemHowcouldyoudeterminethephenotypeofalonghairedblackcat?

Showallpossiblecombinations,andtheexpectedresults?


MultipleTraitsSampleProblemSolution:


IncompleteDominanceNotalltraitsarecompletelydominantorrecessive.Insomecases,neitheralleleisdominant...inthesecases,aheterozygousindividualwilldisplayablendingofthetwotraits.

Thisiscalledincompletedominance.


IncompleteDominanceForexample,someflowershavepetalcolorcontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles:onecodingforredcolor,theotherforwhite.Iftheindividualishomozygousforeitherallele,thisisthepetalcolorthatwillbedisplayed.

Phenotype:

Genotype:

Phenotype:

Genotype:


IncompleteDominanceHowever,iftheindividualisheterozygous,neitherofthesetraitsisdisplayed...instead,theflowershowsablendingofredandwhite,resultinginpinkpetals.

Phenotype:

Genotype:


CodominanceCodominanceissimilartoincompletedominance,except bothtraitsaredominant.Inthiscase,homozygousindividualsdisplayonetrait,whileheterozygousindividualsdisplaybothtraits,notasablendingofthetwo,butshowing bothcharacteristicspartially.


CodominanceForexample,colorinonetypeofcowiscontrolledbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,onecodingforbrownfurandoneforwhitefur.

Homozygouscowsareeitherbrownorwhite.

Phenotype:

Genotype:

Phenotype:

Genotype:


CodominanceHowever,heterozygouscowswilldisplaybrownandwhitepatches,ratherthanbeinglightbrownallover.

Phenotype:

Genotype:


MultipleAlleles

Notalltraitsarecontrolledbygeneswithonlytwoallelessomehavemultiplealleles.

Inhumans,forexample,theA,BandObloodtypesaredeterminedbythreealleles,twoofwhicharecodominantandoneofwhichisrecessive.

TheIAalleleresultsinbloodtypeAtheIBalleleresultsinbloodtypeBandthe iallele,beingrecessive,resultsinbloodtypeO.

Rememberthatthebloodtypesaredeterminedbyantigensonthesurfaceofbloodcells.Theseantigensareproteins,sothegenecodesfortheproductionoftheseantigens...intypeO,thegenedoesnotcodeforproductionofanantigen.


MultipleAllelesListallpossiblegenotypeswhichcouldresultinthefollowingphenotypes(bloodtypes).

BloodType Genotype


Homework

ReviewSection16.2,andcompleteQuestions#24onpage544


HomeworkPage544#12

1) Adihybridcrossismadeofpeaplants.Purpleflowers(P)aredominantandwhiteflowersarerecessive.Tallplants(T)aredominantandshortplantsarerecessive.Bothparentsareheterozygousforbothtraits.PrepareaPunnettsquaretodeterminethephenotyperatiosoftheoffspring.

WhatMendelianlawdoesthisratiodemonstrate?


Homework1) Solution


Homework2) Arosecombedroosterismatedwithtworosecombedhens.

HenAproduces14chicks,allrosecombed.

HenBproduces9chicks,7ofwhicharerosecombedand2singlecombed.

Whatarethelikelygenotypesoftheparentbirds?

Rosecomb Singlecomb


Homework2) Solution


SampleProblemYouknowthatonetypeofflowerhaspetalcolordeterminedbyasinglegenewithtwoalleles,redorwhite,andtheydisplayincompletedomininance.Ifaredfloweriscrossedwithawhiteflower,whatarethegenotypesandphenotypesoftheF 1generationoffspring?

WhataretheexpectedgenotypesandphenotypesoftheF 2offspringiftwopinkflowersarecrosspollinated?


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbitsCompletetheThinkingLabonpage543.Besuretoanswerallquestionscompletely,includingthePunnettsquares.

Darkgrey chinchilla

white

Himalayan


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits1)Listallthepossiblegenotypesfora:

(a)Darkgreyrabbit

(b)Chinchillarabbit

(c)Himalayanrabbit

(d)Whiterabbit


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits2)Predictthephenotypeofarabbitwiththefollowinggenotypes.

Explainyouranswers.

(a)chcch (b)Cch


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits3)Woulditbepossibletoobtainwhiterabbitsifoneparentiswhite

andtheotherischinchilla?Explain.


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits4)Woulditbepossibletoobtainchinchillarabbitsifoneparentis

Himalayanandtheotheriswhite?Explain.


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits5)AchinchillarabbitismatedwithaHimalayan.Someoftheoffspring

arewhite.Whataretheparents'genotypes?


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbitsExtensionQuestion:

Amalechinchillarabbitandafemaledarkgreyrabbitarecrossed.Theresultinglittercontains11kits6aredarkgrey,and2arechinchilla.However,3ofthekitsareHimalayan!Showhowthisispossible.

Isthereanywayforthiscrosstoproducewhiterabbits?


Assignment:InheritanceofCoatColorinRabbits


TestcrossQuestion

Ifyouhadabrowncowandwantedtoknowitsgenotype,howwouldyouperformatestcross?

Atestcrossisnotnecessaryiftraitsshowincompleteorcodominance...becausethephenotypetellsyouthegenotype!


RabbitQuestion

YoucrossedadarkgreymalerabbitandaHimalayanfemalerabbit,with6kitsproduced:

2darkgray 3white 1Himalayan

Whatarethegenotypesoftheparents?

Whichparentgenotypeisitimpossibletoknowforsure?


Assignment:HumanBloodTypesCompletetheSampleProblemonpage542.

Checkyourselfagainstthesolutiononpage811.


ClassAssignment:OompaLoompaGenetics

CompletetheassignmentsheetonOompaLoompagenetics.

Besureto showallwork,includingPunnettsquares,forallproblems!


Homework

ReadSection16.3,pages545553,takingnotesonthissection.

Definethefollowingtermsinyourownwords!

Sexlinkedinheritance Barrbody Polygenicinheritance

Modifiergenes Deletionerror Inversionerror

Duplicationerror Translocationerror Nondisjunction

Monosomy DownSyndrome FragileXSyndrome

Whatistheresultofthefollowinggenotype: XO XXY


Section16.3ChromosomesandHeredity

ReturntoContents

Title:16.3(177of212)

ChromosomesandHeredity

Mendeldidhisworkbyesperimentation,beforescientistsknewwhatchromosomesorDNAwere.Still,hewasabletoconcludethatcharacteristicsweredeterminedbypairsof"factors",andthatonefactorwasdonatedtoanoffspringbyeachparent.

HealsostatedthatinheritanceofonefactordidnotaffecttheinheritanceofotherfactorsthisbecametheLawofIndependentAssortment.


ChromosomesandHeredity

Itwasn'tuntilthe1900sthatscientistswereabletodeterminethatMendel's"factors"werelocatedonchromosomes.

WalterSuttonandTheodorBoverimadetheconnectionwhilestudyingthebehaviorofchromosomesduringmeiosis.Theynoticedthatchromosomesoccurinpairs,andthatduringmeiosis,thechromosomepairsalignatthecell'sequator,andarethensegregated (separated)independently.Thismeantthateachgametereceivesonechromosomefromeachpair,andthisonedoesnotinfluencewhichotherchromosomesendupinthegamete.

Thisallowedthemtocomeupwiththe ChromosomeTheoryofInheritance.


ChromosomesTheoryofInheritance

Thetheorycontainstwomainpoints:

1) Mendel'sfactorsofinheritance,or genes,arecarriedonthechromosomes

2) Thesegregation andindependentassortment ofchromosomesduringmeiosisaccountsforthepatternsofinheritance.


ChromosomesTheory:IndependentAssortment


LinkedTraits

Notallcharacteristicsfollowthelawofindependentassortmentcompletely.


ChromosomesTheory:LinkedTraits


SexLinkedTraits

CharacteristicswhichoccurontheXorYchromosomesarecalledsexlinkedtraits.

Forexample,thegeneforeyecoloronfruitfliesislocatedontheXchromosome.The"wildtype"orredeyesaredominantwhiteeyesarerecessive.


ChromosomesTheory:SexLinkedTraits


ProblemIfyoucrossahomozygousredeyedfemalefruitflywithawhiteeyedmale,whatwillthephenotyperatiosoftheoffspringbe?

Remember,thegeneforeyecoloronfruitfliesislocatedontheXchromosome,andthewhiteeyesalleleisrecessive.

First,determinetheparent(P)genotypes:

MaleGenotype FemaleGenotype

XrY XRXR


ProblemFillinthePunnettsquare.

Xr

XR XR

Y

XRXr XRXr

XRY XRY

IntheF1Generation:

50%oftheyoungarefemale,andallofthefemaleshaveredeyes.(However,allcarrytherecessivewhiteeyedallele)

50%oftheyoungaremale,andallofthemaleshaveredeyes.(However,theyonlycarrytheredeyedalleleontheXchromosome.)


ProblemWhatabouttheF 2Generation?Ifyoucrossedoneofthesemaleswithoneofthefemales,whatwouldtheF 2resultsbe?

XR

XR Xr

Y

XRXR XRXr

XRY XrY

IntheF2Generation:

50%oftheyoungarefemale,andallofthefemaleshaveredeyes.(However,halfcarrytherecessivewhiteeyedallele)

50%oftheyoundgaremale,andhalfofthemaleshaveredeyes,whiletheotherhalfhavewhiteeyes.

BecauseeyecoloriscarriedontheXchromosome,whichparentdothemalesinheriteyecolorfrom?


HomeworkReadSection16.3,pages545549.

CompleteQuestions#1,59onpage554.


Title:Jan711:26AM(190of212)

Title:Jan72:32PM(191of212)

ReviewofTests


VirtualFruitFlyLab

http://www.sciencecourseware.org/vcise/drosophila/


http://www.sciencecourseware.org/vcise/drosophila/

VirtualFruitFlyLab2

http://www.biologylabsonline.com/protected/FlyLab/


http://www.biologylabsonline.com/protected/FlyLab/

Section16.4HumanGenetics

ReturntoContents

Title:16.4(205of212)

Attachments

EndrocrineGlandFunction.wpd

codontable2[1]

GLANDSTRUCTURE/

LOCATIONHORMONEFUNCTION

Hypothalamuscentral region at base of brain, attached to post. pit.releasing factorsstimulate production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Glandbelow hypothalamus, not directly connected with the hypothalamusThyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)stimulates production and release of thyroxine in the thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)stimulates production and release of hormones of the cortex layer of the adrenal glands

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

(also called somatotropin) Increases absorption of calcium, which results in growth of bone and cartilage tissue; also stimulates protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

triggers production of growth factors in liver and other tissues

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates development of egg cells in ovaries

controls production of sperm cells in testes

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates release of egg cells in ovaries

& controls production of sex hormones

Prolactinstimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands in after birth

Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Glanddirectly connected to hypothalamus by 2 tracts of nerve fibersOxytocinstimulates contractions of uterus during birth and the release of milk following birth; may play a role in bonding

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

(also called Vasopressin)Regulates sodium levels in the bloodstream; stimulates vasoconstriction (constriction of severed arteries to reduce blood loss); controls reabsorption of water by the kidneys

Thyroid Gland

wraps around the trachea just below the larynxThyroxine increases rate of carbohydrate, fat, & protein metabolism of cells and the rate of cellular respiration, especially in muscles, heart, liver, kidneys

necessary for normal mental and physical development

Calcitoninregulates (decreases)f blood calcium levels

Parathyroid Gland4 tiny oval glands located on the back of the thyroid glandParathyroid hormone (PTH)regulates (increases) calcium levels in blood;

promotes Vitamin D synthesis

Adrenal Glands

found on top of the kidneys and consist of 2 layers:

medulla > inner

cortex > outer

Hormones of the medullaepinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) are secreted by the medullahelp the body handle sudden stress (fight/flight)

act as neurotransmitters and break down quickly

constrict blood vessels of body

epinephrine increases rate of metabolism and release of glucose by liver, increases rate and strength of heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood clotting rate, sweating

Hhormones of the cortexcortisolUsually follows a 24hour circadian rhythm

Triggers conversion of proteins to glycogen, providing ready supplies of glucose that can be dumped into the blood from the liver; breakdown of lipids in fat cells

Antiinflammatory effects (decreases fluid buildup)

Suppresses production of Tcells and antibodies

(immune response)

aldosteroneregulates mineral balance in blood

Increases reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys and colon, while also increasing excretion of potassium from the kidneys. This triggers production of ADH, which increases absorptionof water into the blood

End result, increased blood pressure

sex hormones

(androgens and estrogens) slight levels only

regulates sexual development

*Most comes from the testes/ovaries

Pancreasclusters of cells found in the pancreasglucagon (secreted by cells)increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

clusters of cells found in the pancreasinsulin (secreted by cells)decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating the cells of the body/liver to take up glucose

Thymus Glandlocated in upper chest near the heart but shrinks after adolescencethymosin stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into Tcells

no function in adults

Pineal Glandpeasized structure at base of the brainmelatonin helps regulate sleep patterns (induces sleepiness)

follows a 24 hour circadian rhythm

Stomachspecialized cells lining the stomachgastrin (stomach) increases flow of gastric juice

Small Intestine

specialized cells lining the small intestinesecretin (small intestine) increases flow of pancreatic juice into small intestine via the pancreatic duct

SkinNot really an endocrine gland, but essential in production of vitamin DVitamin Dhelps regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels

increases release of calcium into blood from bone

increases reabsorption of calcium in kidney

and absorption of calcium in duodenum

SMART Notebook

SMART Notebook

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