Strayer Chapter 16Introduction

Given by the modern example of a Pennsylvania, the issue between religion and science has always been an issue since the 16th century.

Science went head to head with faith. Science almost became a new religion. Even without considering Europe, everything was still growing and changing.

The Globalization of Christianity – early modern ear was limited to Europe, Catholics divided Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation

o Early 16th century was the Protestant Reformation – Martin Luther posted the 95 theseso Challenged position of clergy hierarchy, Bible onlyo All vocations were equal, Middle/lower class supported it. It challenged the legitimacy

of the pope, tooo No increase in role for women. Mary was de-idolized. Literacy went up.o Spread quickly with the help of the printing press. Then subdivided in to different

denominations. All gave no allegiance to the Pope or Rome.o Added to the conflict of political and religious systemso Thirty years war was Catholic v Protestant. Peace of Westphalia ended it. Europe was

never the same. No unity.o There was a counter Reformation, connected corruption and stimulated by protestants.

Jesuits came. Crack downs on dissidents. o Reformation encouraged skepticism and individualism.o Opened some space for new directions in Europe’s intellectual life.

Christianity outward boundo Spanish/Portuguese continuation of crusades tradition. Liberated country from Muslim

control, too.o Colonial settlers brought faith with them. Never forced conversion. Missionaries

(Catholic) actively spread. Russia, too.o Spanish America/Philippines had previous Europeans (bad stuff Europeans seen as a

new era) and absence from a literate world religion. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America

o Christianity ccpeted and rejected, Spanish and Chinao Many accepted religion of victors, useful to say God was on their side. o Earlier conquerors didn’t eradicate local deities. Soon Europeans destroyed local gods

and everything associated with them. Sometimes violent.o Uprising in Peru planned to overthrow Europe and return to old peace. o Sometimes tried to blend religions. Physically destroyed religion, but not spirituallyo Saints similar to precolonial gods, Christianity was assimilated with some localso Christianity took root, but still distinctively Aztec/Andean/Mexican

An Asian Comparison: China and Jesuitso China was never “threated” or destroyed. More powerful and in a different political

context.o Gentry assimilation. Downplayed mass conversion. Learned Chinese, drew parallels, not

contrasting with their religion. o Overall, little acceptance. Mainly elites in court, some Daoists, and few miracles.o Christianity offered little, Confucianism/Buddhism/Dao worked. Christianity is an all or

nothing religion, too.

o Pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians Confucianism and Buddhism was idolatry.

o Failure worked with Manchurian discredited, miracles were science, and some even through Holy Communion was cannibalism.

Persistence and Change in afro=Asian Cultural Traditions – Africa was bringing cultures to America via the slave trade. Africanized Christianity. Some persisted, then blended.

Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World.o Islam kept spreading. Conversion meant assimilation, not abandonment like Christianity. o Spread by non-threatening Islamis scholars, Holy mean and through Muslim African

slaves.o 18th cent – religious renewal/reform. Deviating away from Orthodox (combined and

mixed with others). Religious wars. o Renewal in Arabia 1703-1792 by Abd al-Wahhab. Had to go away from idolatry.o Wahhabis was a return to Orthodox Islam, Purer lifestyle. Lasted to 1818.o Signaled the continuing cultural vitality of Islam.

China: New Directions in an old Traditiono China w/ India didn’t go through a huge change. But didn’t remain completely static.

Challenge orthodox.o Ming and Qing Neo-Confucianism. New thinking/debunko You can achieve faith alone like Martin Luther/Protestants. Individualism and no

priestly hierarchy. o Lively culture for lower class ^^^ (less educated)

India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divideo Bhak emerged spiritual avenue through social criticism. Similar to sufi.o Mirabi broke casted barriers and traditions.o Islamic Hindu = Sikhism. 1500s. No caste and equality.o Gura Grath is sikh holy book, Peaceful movement.

A New Way of thinking: The birth of Modern Science: Away from divine revelation logic and long term significance towards Sci Rev Legitimize racial and gender inequalities.

Why Europe?o Why not China and Islam, they were so much more advancedo Reinvigorated fragmented civilizationo Emerging universitieso In islam, science was not as organized o Civil service examination in Chinao Drew on knowledge of other cultures (Arab)o Europe was in geographic position. Shook up older ways of thinking.

Service as Cultural Revolutiono Old thinking aligned with Catholic Church = center of unverse. New thinkingo Copernicus started in 1643 w/ idea that earth wasn’t uniqueo Other scientists built on ^^^ idea.o Sir Isaac newton’s laws defined physics even to the modern earo Eventually became logical and not divineo Human anatomy becomes more understood tooo Greatly against church = science = killedo Was complete opposite. Tolerated and accepted each other.

Science and Enlightenmento Rev/Knowledge spread w/ the printing press. New approach to human affairso All believed in power of knowledge to transform human society.o Established constituted gov direct and not religiouso Thinking against established religion. Deism arose (clock-maker = God) and radical look

on nature/godo Indirectly raised a global awareness Voltaire liked Chinese all things Chineseo Progress from religious ideals. Ability to depart, spark new religiono Romantic movement almost opposite of enlightenment – Enlightenment = too much

human reason Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century

o Enlightenment and Romanticism continued to influence modern science.o Continued to grow and develop with works of Karl Marx and Darwino Darwin and Marx believed in progress and conflict/struggle (not reason).o Freud debunked some enlightenment ideas, too.

European Science beyond the Westo Scientific revolution had a global impact, not seen until later. Rather selective.o China liked astronomy and math, but didn’t “need” Jesuit medicine.o Japanese only had Dutch info until 1720. Loved what Europe had to offer.o Ottomans were fine by themselves. Sun-center-of-the-earth idea was not as serious.o Theoretical science did bad in Islam.

Reflections: Cultural Borrowings and its Hazards Modern science has become for many people a new religion Lots of borrowing accompanied the development of the ideas Borrowing was selective Borrowing usually came with conflict Eased cultural borrowing by domesticated and smoothly assimilating Got worth in 19th century