chapter 16: social behavior ap psychology 4.7.11

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Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

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Page 1: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Chapter 16: Social Behavior

AP Psychology4.7.11

Page 2: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

If you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be detected or held responsible, what would you do?”

Answer with complete anonymity. Change your handwriting (write with your non-dominant hand?), and do not write your name on this.

I am collecting this!!!

Page 3: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Homework – 633 – 642, take notes. You may not use a computer tomorrow.

Page 4: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Social Psychology

How are thoughts, feelings and behaviors influenced by others? Person perception Attribution processes Interpersonal attraction Attitudes Conformity and obedience Behavior in groups

Page 5: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Person Perception:Forming Impressions of Others

Effects of physical appearance - People tend to attribute desirable characteristics to those who are good looking. Also, facial features that are similar to infant features influence perceptions of honesty (baby-faced people being viewed as more honest).

Cognitive schemas - ideas about categories of social events and people

Stereotypes - Social schemas that lead people to expect that others will have certain characteristics because of their membership in a specific group

Prejudice (attitude) and discrimination (actions) Subjectivity in person perception – people see

what they expect to see and overestimate how often they see it (illusory correlation).

Evolutionary perspectives – are biases adaptive?

Page 6: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.1 Examples of social schemas

Page 7: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Quiz1. List three different factors that influence

a person’s perception of others.2. How does illusory correlation represent

subjectivity in person perception?3. What is the spotlight effect?4. Define attribution.5. Give an example of the fundamental

attribution error.6. Explain defensive attribution.7. How do individualism and collectivism

represent western versus nonwestern attributional tendencies?

Page 8: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Homework 642 – 656, Relationships Take notes I put a link on the bpi website that

brings you to AP Central’s website. There are 20 multiple choice example ?s with answers. Do them and check yourself.

Page 9: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Issues in social psych; what do you want to know about human behavior?

Page 10: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior

Attributions Internal (behavior determined by personal

dispositions) vs. External (behavior caused by situation or environment)

Kelley’s covariation model – people blame INTERNAL attribution for other people’s behavior, and EXTERNAL attribution for their own.

Page 11: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Biases in attributions Fundamental attribution error Defensive attribution – blame the victim;

blame people’s misfortune on their inability to cope.

Self-serving bias – blame own misfortune on situation.

Cultural influences Attribution errors are more common in

Western cultures.

Page 12: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.4 An alternative view of the fundamental attribution error

Page 13: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Close Relationships: Liking and Loving

Key factors in attraction Physical attractiveness – attraction, etc.

Important in the beginning. Matching hypothesis – people of equal

attractiveness end up together. Similarity – in attitude, age, race, religion, social

class, personality, education, intelligence, attractiveness

Reciprocity – liking those that like you Romantic Ideals – you idealize your partner

Page 14: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

AP Psychology4.11.11

Page 15: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Quiz…1. List and explain the four key factors in

attraction.2. Explain the Love as Attachment perspective on

love.3. How is physical attraction consistent with the

evolutionary perspective?4. What is “mate poaching” and why, according

to the evolutionary perspective, does it happen?

5. List three source factors that influence the effectiveness of a persuasive source.

6. How might cognitive dissonance lead to a person’s attitude change?

Page 16: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Homework… 656 – 666 and take notes Quiz tomorrow Test Friday

Page 17: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Close Relationships: Liking and Loving

Perspectives on love Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs.

Companionate love Sternberg - Intimacy and commitment Hazen & Shaver – Love as attachment

Evolutionary perspectives Mating priorities

Page 18: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.7 Infant attachment and romantic relationships

Page 19: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Attitudes and Attitude Change 3 components

cognitive, affective, and behavioral Factors in changing attitudes

source, message, and receiver Theories of attitude change

Learning theory Dissonance theory Self-perception theory Elaboration likelihood model

Page 20: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.9 The possible components of attitudes

Page 21: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.10 Overview of the persuasion process

Page 22: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.12 Design of the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study

Page 23: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.13 Bem’s self-perception theory

Page 24: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Yielding to Others: Conformity

Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s) Classic experiment

Group size Group unanimity

Page 25: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Behavior in Groups:The Influence of Other People

The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968) Diffusion of responsibility

Group productivity (declines as the group gets bigger) and social loafing (the bigger the group, the more likely you are to slack)

Decision making in groups Polarization – the more you discuss the

dominant view, the stronger the group’s position becomes.

Groupthink – members sacrifice critical thinking to just reach a decision.

Page 26: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Bystander Non-intervention

Kitty Genovese 1964;38 witnesses and none helped or called the police

Why?~diffusion of responsibility~audience inhibition~pluralistic ignorance

(Darley & Latane, 1968)

number of others

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help

Page 27: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Yielding to Others: Obedience Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)

Controversial landmark experiment “I was just following orders”

presence of a dissenter

Page 28: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Milgram’s Obedience Studies

Vary the situation: % who shock to max.

Force learner’s hand onto shock machine

30%

Other “teachers” who refuse 10%

Subject chooses level of shock 3%

Original study: 63% shocked innocent “learner” to maximum level!

“The ordinary person who shocked the victim did so out of a sense of obligation -- an impression of his duties as a subject -- and not from any peculiarly aggressive tendencies.” (Milgram, 1974)

Page 29: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.18 The effect of loss of coordination and social loafing on group productivity

Page 30: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.21 The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude

Page 31: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.22 Relationship between prejudice and discrimination

Page 32: Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

Figure 16.23 Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women