chapter 16: the endocrine...
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Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
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Objectives Define the terms endocrine and
exocrine.
Describe the physiology of hormones including the different types and the mechanisms of their actions.
Compare endocrine and neural controls of physiology.
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Functions System of glands and cells make hormones
Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously
Regulates long-term processes: growth development reproduction
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What is a Hormone? A chemical messenger that is produced
at one site and carried by the blood to its site of action (target cells)
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Mechanism of Hormone Action Hormones produce one or more of the
following cellular changes: alter plasma membrane permeability
stimulate protein synthesis
activate or deactivate enzyme systems
induce secretory activity
stimulate mitosis
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Homeostasis Homeostasis maintaining internal balance
in the body organism must keep
internal conditions stable even if environment changes
also called “dynamic equilibrium”
How we maintain homeostasis nervous system endocrine system
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What is the functional significance of the differences between the two systems?
Endocrine System Nervous System
Chemical signals control body functions
Is unable to handle split-second responses
Nerve signals control body functions
Handles crisis management
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Endocrine vs. Exocrine
Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands
Glandular secretory cells that release their secretions directly into the blood stream
The glands are called ductless
Secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces-
(skin or mucosa)
The glands that have ducts
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Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal Pancreas Thymus Gonads
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Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus Links the nervous system to the
endocrine system
Controls: body temperature
hunger
thirst
fatigue
sleep
circadian cycles
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Controlling Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
brain
body temperature
shiver brain
dilates surface blood vessels
constricts surface blood vessels
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Pituitary Gland Functions: stimulates the elongation of bones in the
body
“master gland” since it regulates endocrine functions
Hormone: growth hormone
Location: base of the brain, below hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Gland Hormones
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Pituitary Gland Hormones
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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Andre the Giant At 7'4" and 500 pounds,
Andre the Giant could have been famous for his size alone. His drive, talent and ambition, however, proved to be as big as Andre himself, and the wrestler became legendary for his achievements in and out of the ring.
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Acromegaly Occurs in adults
Bones of hands face and feet are enlarged
Due to the release of growth hormone in adults
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Thyroid Gland Functions:
controls metabolism
regulates tissue growth
maintains blood pressure
glucose oxidation
makes proteins
Location:
by the Adams apple
largest gland in the body
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Thyroid Gland
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Goiter Not enough iodine
in the diet (iodine deficiency)
Causes swelling of the thyroid gland
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Goiter
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Graves Disease Overactive thyroid
Excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are produced
Inflammation of the eye muscles by attacking autoantibodies
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Parathyroid Glands 4
Functions: breaks down bone to regulate blood calcium
Hormone: secretes parathormone
Location: embedded in the thyroid
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Adrenal Glands Functions: raises heart rate
increases breathing
increases blood sugar level
dilates blood vessels
Secretion: adrenaline
Location: on top of the two kidneys
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Pineal Gland Function: modulates the wake/sleep
patterns
modulates photoperiodic (seasonal) functions
Secretion: melatonin
Location: near the center of the brain
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Pancreas Functions: controls blood sugar breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Secretions: insulin glucagon hormones that control the blood sugar in the body
Location: behind the stomach side of the small intestine
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Pancreas Secretions Insulin allows glucose to enter cells
LOWERS blood glucose levels
Glucagon stimulates liver to make glucose
RAISES blood glucose levels
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Islets of Langerhans Two cell types: Alpha ( ) cells
produces glucagon
Beta ( ) cells produce insulin
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Diabetes Under-secretion
of insulin
High blood sugar
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liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level (90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells take up sugar from blood
liver stores sugar
reduces appetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releases sugar
triggers hunger
high
low
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Thymus Function: controls the immune system
development of T-lymphocytes
Secretion: Thymosin
Location: thorax
anterior mediastinum
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Ovaries Two main hormones: Estrogen
create female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
thickens the uterus lining every month
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Testes One main hormone: Testosterone (an
androgen)
affects the secondary sex characteristics in men
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Hirsutism Caused by an increase in testosterone
secretion
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Aging Causes few functional changes
Decline in concentration of: growth hormone
reproductive hormones