chapter 17 2 pp
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chapter 17 section 2 power point -- 8th grade SSTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 17.2 pgs. 395-402Chapter 17.2 pgs. 395-402
How did the North and the South move closer to conflict?
Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce
14th President1853-1857DemocratKey events: Gadsden Purchase, Kansas-
Nebraska, Republican party startedDied October 8, 1869Lawyer, Senator, brigadier general in
Mexican War
Peace and ProsperityPeace and Prosperity
After the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act tempers were cooled
Peace lasted for awhileCertain events over the next 10 year period
changed that
Northerners defyNortherners defy
Northerners thought FSL was a great evil Law made it risky for slaves to flee South Slave-Catchers loved it because they made lots of
money Some catchers even took free blacks Abolitionists still housed runaways URR still going strong Some Northern states passed laws forbidding
citizens to cooperate with slave catchers
Written word becomes Written word becomes weaponweapon
Harriet Beecher Stowe1852 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”Talked about treatment of slavesTom had 3 owners (2 nice 1 evil)Beecher drew on own experiences when
writing the book. Her family helped runaways in Cincinnati
Uncle TomUncle Tom
Book outsold every book except the bible in the years leading up to the Civil War
Sold about 300,000 copies Translated into more than 20 languages Became a play 1n 1852 written by George Aiken Stirred northerners against slavery like nothing
else Southerners thought the book was misleading
Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act
Slavery issue in West alsoStephen A. Douglas drafts a bill to organize
territorial governments for the Nebraska Territory
Felt it should be divided into 2 territories – Kansas and Nebraska
Land part of Louisiana Purchase – lies north of the Missouri Compromise line (36 30 N)
Kansas-NebraskaKansas-Nebraska
Land was supposed to be closed to slavery Douglas, to gain Southern support for the bill,
suggested the decision about slavery be settled by popular sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty – system where the residents vote to decide an issue
The act would allow these territories to be sovereign – self-governed – with the regard to slavery
Douglas’s motiveDouglas’s motive
Douglas had hoped to be president somedayHe felt this would win him support in both
the North and the SouthHe felt the bill did equal and exact justice to
the whole union. It violated the rights of no territory. Instead it allowed people free enjoyment of all their rights under the Constitution
Kansas-NebraskaKansas-Nebraska
Act passed by Congress in May 1854– President Pierce supported it
South rejoices, North felt betrayed Why? North had agreed to Missouri Compromise to limit
slavery, now they had no guarantee slavery would stay out of the West.
South felt Compromise of 1850 applied popular sovereignty to New Mexico and Utah
Trouble in KansasTrouble in Kansas
Douglas had no idea he just lit a powder keg Kansas became a bitter struggle for slavery vs
anti-slavery Each group sent settlers to Kansas to fight for
control of the territory Most arrivals were farmers looking for cheap land.
Few owned slaves. Abolitionists brought in more than 1,000 settlers from New England
KansasKansas
Proslavery settlers moved in as well to ensure antislavery forces didn’t overrun Kansas
Proslavery bands from Missouri known as Border Ruffians often rode across the border battling antislavery forces in Kansas
Kansas GovernmentKansas Government
1855 Kansas held elections to choose lawmakers
5,000 Border Ruffians crossed and voted illegally. They helped to elect a proslavery legislature
Legislature quickly passed laws to support slavery
LawsLaws
One law said that people could be put to death for helping slaves escape
Another made speaking out against slavery a crime punishable by two years of hard labor.
Antislavery settlers refused these lawsElected their own governor and legislature
Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas
Kansas in chaos with two governments Armed gangs roamed the territory looking for
trouble Band of Proslavery men raided the town of
Lawrence in 1856 They destroyed homes including that of the
governor of the antislavery government and smashed the press of the Free-Soil newspaper
John BrownJohn Brown
John Brown, extreme abolitionist, strikes back
He led a band of men to Pottawatomie Creek
Dragged 5 proslavery settlers from their beds and murdered them. Claimed he had been sent by God to punish slavery supporters
More violenceMore violence
The killings at Pot. Creek led to both sides engaging in guerrilla warfare – hit and run tactics
By 1856 more than 200 people had been killed and millions of dollars of property destroyed, which is how Kansas became known as “Bleeding Kansas” according to the newspapers
Violence in SenateViolence in Senate
May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts blamed Southerners for the trouble in Kansas
He especially blamed South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler
The day after his speech Peter Brooks, nephew of Butler, broke into Sumner’s office and beat him with a heavy cane
SenateSenate
Brooks beat Sumner until he was bloody and fell unconsciously to the floor
It took Sumner over 3 years to recover and return to Congress
Southerners supported Brooks, felt Sumner got what he deserved. They even sent canes to Brooks to show support. Northerners felt it was just another example of slavery leading to violence
Senate/KansasSenate/Kansas
Northerners began using rallying cries such as “Bleeding Kansas” and “Bleeding Sumner” to fight against slavery
They also became slogans for a new Republican Party
Struggle for slavery in Kansas went on until 1861 when the antislavery numbers greatly outnumbered slavery supporters. Kansas entered the Union as a free state
Republican PartyRepublican Party
Party formed in 1854 Northern Whigs split from Southern Whigs and
met with antislavery Democrats and Free-Soilers in Ripon, Wisconsin
Party’s leaders shared one goal: keep slavery out of the territories
Got their name from old Democratic-Republican party founded by Thomas Jefferson
RepublicansRepublicans
Party gained many northern members In 1856 election, 2/3 of northern states voted for
the Republican candidate John C. Fremont However, Southerners were Democrats and had
enough votes to elect James Buchanan Whigs break up North become Rep. South Dem.,
Republicans stay positive hope to send candidate to 1860 election
James BuchananJames Buchanan
15th President 1857-1861 Never married Lawyer, senator, Secretary of State, ambassador to
Russia and England Died June 1, 1868 Key events: Dred Scott case, Panic of 1857, John
Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, and Minnesota and Oregon become states
Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case
With Congress and the nation in an uproar over slavery, many Americans looked for the Supreme Court to help restore peace
1857 the Court ruled on Dred Scott caseHowever, instead of harmonizing their
decision further divided North and South
ScottScott
Scott was a slave from MissouriHis owner had taken him north of the slave
line in 18344 years they lived in free territory in Illinois
and WisconsinThen returned to Missouri, where his owner
died
ScottScott
Filed a lawsuit to gain his freedomClaimed he was free due to living in a free
territory for several yearsCase eventually made it to Supreme Court –
Dred Scott v. Sandford
IssuesIssues
Three issues at handWas Dred Scott a U.S. citizen with the right
to sue in federal court?Did living in free territory make him free?Was the Missouri Compromise
constitutional?
DecisionDecision
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney gave the majority decision (Taney hated slavery and in fact freed his own slaves)
Court ruled Scott had no claim to freedom because he was living in Missouri, a slave state, when he began his suit and his time in free territory had no bearing. He was considered a slave and as an enslaved person he was not a citizen and could not file a lawsuit.
DecisionDecision
Court also said Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
Congress could not forbid slavery in any part of the territories. Doing so would interfere with slaveholders’ right to own property, a right protected by the 5th Amendment
Reaction to decisionReaction to decision
Southerners cheeredNortherners stunnedStriking down the Missouri Compromise
cleared the way for the extension of slaveryNortherners hoped Republicans could keep
slavery in check
Republicans voiceRepublicans voice
After Dred Scott, Republicans charged Democrats wanted to legalize slavery everywhere territories and all states
Started challenging individual Democrats Main target Stephen A. Douglas sponsor of the
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1858 Illinois Republicans nominate Abraham
Lincoln to challenge Douglas for his U.S. Senate seat
Lincoln/Douglas debatesLincoln/Douglas debates
The two met for 7 debates between August 21 and October 15, 1858
The two had extreme differences Especially on slavery Lincoln believed it was the national government’s
role to prevent expansion of slavery. Douglas argued popular sovereignty was the best way but this was a problem for Douglas.
Lincoln/DouglasLincoln/Douglas
Dred Scott decision made popular sovereignty unconstitutional. It said that people could not vote to ban slavery, because doing so would take away slaveholders’ property rights
Lincoln asked Douglas if he thought people in a territory who were against slavery could legally prohibit it – despite the Dred Scott decision
Lincoln/DouglasLincoln/Douglas
Douglas replied that it did not matter what the Supreme Court might decide about slavery because “the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please.”
Douglas won reelection. Lincoln became a national figure and strengthened his standing in the Republican Party
John Brown Raids againJohn Brown Raids again
John Brown went unpunished for his earlier attacks
1859 Brown and 18 followers seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Wanted to arm slaves to start a revolt Buchanan sent troops to capture Brown. Troops
led by Robert E. Lee Brown captured, tried, found guilty of treason and
hung
BrownBrown
Northerners considered him a martyr– someone who dies or suffers for a cause.
Became a hero to many northernersSoutherners thought it was outrageous.
They thought northerners were out to destroy slavery and the South along with it.
Nation is now poised for a violent crash
Questions??Questions??
What events split the North and South in the 1850’s?
Why did antislavery groups form the Republican party?
AnswersAnswers
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, John Brown’s raid
To keep slavery out of the territories