Chapter 18: Nationalism

(Middle East, Africa, China, Latin America)Chapter 18: NationalismNationalism in the Middle EastBefore WWI, Ottoman Empire was sided with GermanyBritain used Lawrence (of Arabia) to defeat the Ottoman empire

Nationalism in the Middle EastFollowing WWI, in October 1918, the Ottoman Empire fell Great Britain and France divided the Empire (made the state Turkey)

Massacre of the ArmeniansDuring the war, Ottoman Empire killed Christian Armenian men and expelled woman and children (first genocide) By 1915, 1 million were dead.

The Creation of Turkey Mustafa Kemal was elected as presidentDemocratic stateEconomy was modernizedReject religious influences in politicsWomen given rights

Modern IranEuropean often protected Persian rulers1908-oil was discoveredForeign presence led to a Persian Nationalist movement

Arab NationalismIbn Saud founder of Saudi Arabia and its first king (1932)Won support with his reformsBrought money to the people

Ibn Saud ReformsHe forced many of the nomad tribes to adopt a settled way of life and to abandon their private wars and vendettassuppressed the robbery and extortion that formerly harassed pilgrims to Mecca and MedinaIbn Saud Reforms: OilIn 1936 and 1939 he granted oil concessions to American companiesThe oil deposits of Arabia proved to be among the richest in the world, and Ibn Saud used some of the income derived from them on national improvements. Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Nationalism in Africa and AsiaDuring WWI, Black Africans fought and when they returned, they expected their independenceAfter the war, France and Great Britain controlled most of Africa through mandates by the League of NationsAfter the war, Africans knew about freedom and Nationalism and demanded reformsGuerilla warfare used against their European overlordBy the 1930s, Europeans tried reforms, but it was too late.

Indian Movement:Mohandas Gandhi wanted Indian self ruleAKA: Mahatma: Great Soul

Protest and ReformGandhi- Believer in nonviolenceBegan protest against civil disobedience (refusal to obey laws that are unjust)1919 protest led to violence (Gandhi's arrest)1935 Government of India ActIndians - allowed into government positionsSmall amounts were allowed to vote A Push for IndependenceIndian National Congress under M. Nehru competed against GandhiMovement splitGandhi: Religious, Indian and traditionalJ. Nehru: Secular, western, and modernConflict began between the Muslims and Hindus The Rise of JapanFour companies controlled majority of the Japanese economyFew wealthy and many poor Rise in Nationalism wanted Japan to dominate Asia and meet its needsJapan and the WestJapan has trouble with neutral resourcesAt the end of World War I, they had seized Formosa, Rorer, and Manchuria United States worried about Japanese expansion because of trading in the region Manchuria Rise of MilitarismMilitant forces encouraged Japan to become MilitaristMid-level army officials invaded ManchuriaEmperor Hirohito feared the dynasty may fall Allowed the military leaders to run the governmentNationalism and Chaos in ChinaBy 1920, two political forces emerged to challenge the Chinese government:Sun Yat-sens Nationalist PartyChinese Communist Party (CCP)In 1923, they formed an alliance to drive imperialistic leaders out of China

Shanghai Massacre1925, Sun Yat-sen dies Chiang Kai-shek new head of the NationalistsApril 1927, he killed thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre.The alliance ceased to exist.

The Communists in HidingAfter the massacre, CCP leaders went into hiding into the city to try to revive the CCP among the working class.The movement was then led by Mao Zedong in Jiangxi.

Guerilla TacticsChiang Kai-shek turned toward Jiangxi and outnumbered Maos troops.Mao made effective use of guerilla tactics to fight the enemy advances.The Long March1934, Chiang Kai-shek surrounded Jiangxi.Maos army, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), broke through and began the famous Long March90,000 traveled by foot for one year and over 6,000 miles. Only 9,000 made it.Chiangs SuccessesUndertook a massive road-building project.Repaired and extended the railway system.Established a national bank.Improved the education system.Chiangs Failures1930 land reform program.There was no redistribution of wealth.Government was repressive and censored any free expression.Alienated many intellectuals and political moderates.Nationalism in Latin AmericaThe Latin American economy was based largely on agricultural goods, exports of food and raw materials.

ExportsArgentina beef & wheat Chile Nitrates & copperBrazil and Caribbean nations sugarCentral America - bananas

Role of the United States 1920s, U.S. replaced Britain as the foremost investor in Latin AmericaU.S. put funds directly into production and ran companies themselves.U.S. owned the United Fruit Company and controlled copper mining in Chile & Peru and oil industries in Mexico, Peru, & Bolivia.Role of the United StatesBig investor in Latin America Latin America companies depended on the U.S. for moneyMade a lot of people upset with the U.S.

Good Neighbor PolicyRoosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy-rejects the use of U.S. military force in Latin AmericaFDR withdrew the last marines from Haiti in 1934.

Impact of the Great DepressionTerrible impact on the Latin American economy.Exports were no longer in demand.One positive: Great Depression forced the development of new industries.Most industry was government run. The Move to AuthorizationMost L.A. countries had republican forms of government.In reality, they were run by the church, military leaders, & large landowners.They used military force to maintain power.Unrest caused leaders to exercise stricter controls.Examples: Brazil, Mexico, ArgentinaArgentinaControlled by an oligarchy (Government by a few)Made up of the wealthy landowners. 1916, Hipolito Irigoyen, Radical Party, elected president of ArgentinaHe feared industrial workers, so got close to land owners1930, military overthrew the government & reestablished the oligarchy.

ArgentinaDuring World War II, military officers formed the Group of United Officers GOU overthrew the government in 1943Juan Peron elected president1889, formed a republican government.Controlled by landed elites who became wealthy by growing coffee

BrazilBy 1900, of worlds coffee was grown in Brazil.Great Depression hurt coffee prices.

Brazil

1930, military coup made Getulio Vargas president of Brazil 1937, Vargas made himself dictator and established a Fascist dictatorship. (complete power)1945, the army forced Vargas to resign.MexicoThe post-revolution government was democratic in form.The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) controlled politics.1934, Lazaro Cardenas became president

MexicoHe wanted to follow through with the ideas of the revolution.He redistributed land to peasants and took a strong stand with the U.S., especially over oil

MexicoAfter a dispute, Cardenas seized control of the oil fields.U.S. oil companies asked FDR to intervene, but he refused. Mexico paid for the property and set up PEMEX.