chapter 18 section 1 the roots of imperialism. objectives: identify the key factors that prodded...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 18 Section 1
The Roots of Imperialism
Objectives:
• Identify the key factors that prodded America to expand.
• Explain how the United States took its first steps toward increased global power.
• Summarize the chain of events leading up to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
Terms and People
• imperialism – policy by which stronger nations extend their political, economic, and military, control over weaker territories
• Alfred T. Mahan – naval historian who advocated for naval power as the basis for a great nation; urged the United States to build a modern fleet
• Social Darwinism − belief that Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest should be applied to societies, justifying imperialism
• Frederick J. Turner – historian who noted the closure of the American frontier; his ideas were used by others to urge U.S. overseas expansion
• Matthew Perry – U.S. naval commander who sailed a fleet into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and opened trade with Japan
IMPERIALISM
Imperialism is the idea
that strong countries
should take over
weak countries and
rule them.
WHO WERE THESE EMPIRE BUILDERS?
• GREAT BRITAIN
• HOLLAND
• SPAIN
• GERMANYThese countries had colonies all over the world in
• AFRICA
• ASIA
• LATIN AMERICA
EVERYONE WANTS A PIECE OF THE PIE
Major factors that drove imperialism
RAW MATERIALS MARKETSPOWER
(powerful countriesTake over weak ones
ADVENTURE
OTHER LANDSHAVE
RAW MATERIALS
OTHER LANDS WILL BUY US
GOODS. THE USHAS MORE GOODSTHAN THE US CAN
BUY
COUNTRIES SUCHAS ENGLAND &FRANCE HAVE EMPIRES. THE USWANTS AS MUCH POWER AS THEYHAVE.
OTHER PLACES HAVELAND TO BE
SETTLED. THE US IS ALREADY
SETTLED
THE US NEEDS THERAW MATERIALSFOR ITS MANY
FACTORIES
SHOULD THE US EXPAND?
ARGUMENT #1ARGUMENT #1FOR EXPANSIONFOR EXPANSION
• AN EMPIRE WILL MAKE THE US AN EMPIRE WILL MAKE THE US RICH AND POWERFUL. The U.S RICH AND POWERFUL. The U.S should not be left out since othershould not be left out since othercountries have taken other lands.countries have taken other lands.
• IT IS THE DUTY OF THE US TO IT IS THE DUTY OF THE US TO GOVERN OTHER PEOPLE GOVERN OTHER PEOPLE BELIEVED TO BE INFERIOR.BELIEVED TO BE INFERIOR.(White Man’s Burden)(White Man’s Burden)
• THE US SHOULD SPREAD THE US SHOULD SPREAD CHRISTAIN BELIEF THROUGHOUT CHRISTAIN BELIEF THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.THE WORLD.
ARGUMENT #2AGAINST EXPANSION
• THE US HAS ENOUGH PROBLEMS TO TAKE CARE OF IN AMERICA. IT CANNOT TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS IN LANDS ACROSS THE OCEAN.
• AMERICAN IS THE LAND OF THE FREE. THE US HAS NO RIGHT TO
TAKE AWAY OTHER PEOPLE’S FREEDOM AND TELL THEM WHAT
TO DO.
Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden (1899)
“…take up the White Man’s burden, send forth the best ye breed, go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives’ need, to wait in heavy harness, on fluttered folk and wild, your new caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child…”
•What does he mean by “the White Man’s Burden”?
•What does the word captives indicate?
•What does the final line tell us about his view of different cultures?
HOW WOULD THE US COMPETE AGAINST OTHER GLOBAL POWERS FOR COLONIES?
• THE US NEEDED A STRONG NAVY TO PROTECT ITS ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
• In his book, THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER ON HISTORY, ALFRED THAYER MAHAN argued that the U.S. needed a strong navy and overseas naval and bases to protect its economic interests overseas.
Alaska:
• Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867. – Critics mocked “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s
Folly” as a far off and useless frozen tundra but…
– valuable resources, including timber, and oil, were found
– and Alaska doubled America’s territory
ALASKA
• The U.S. adds Alaska in 1867.
• It is purchased from Russia for $7.2 million by Secretary of State William Seward.
• It is called “Seward’s Folly” because people could not understand why the U.S. would want it. (Gold was discovered there in 1867. It also has oil, fish and furs.)
HAWAII
• The U.S. gets the king of Hawaii to accept a constitution that gives the U.S. control.
• His sister Queen Liliuokalani tries to regain power but is unsuccessful and she is dethroned in 1898.
• U.S. annexes (takes Hawaii in) and in 1900 it becomes a U.S. Territory.
• Hawaii is a good place for naval bases and trading stops between the U.S. and Asia. It is also a good supply of sugar and pineapple
Chapter 18 Section 2
The Spanish – American War
Objectives:
• Explain the causes of the Spanish – American War.
• Identify the major battles of the war.
• Describe the consequences of the war, including the debate over imperialism.
Terms and People
• José Martí – Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence from Spain in 1895
• William Randolph Hearst – owner of the New York Journal who, along with Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World, started the Yellow Press
• Yellow Press – newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggeration to promote readership
• jingoism – aggressive nationalism
• George Dewey – commodore of the U.S. squadron that destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
Terms and People (continued)
• Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of Filipino nationalists who defeated the Spanish Army
• Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit assembled by Theodore Roosevelt, famous for their 1898 charge at San Juan Hill
• Treaty of Paris – ended the Spanish-American War and included U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and the purchase of the Philippines
Reasons for War Good Bad
The US is directly attacked by a foreign nation
1 2 3
4 5
Property of the US or its citizens (ships, overseas business, etc.) is attacked by a foreign nation
1 2 3
4 5
To acquire new land or territory
1 2 3
4 5
To protect foreign industries vital to the US (ex. Oil)
1 2 3
4 5
Terrorist attack on US citizens or property
1 2 3
4 5
To help a friendly nation that has been invaded by an enemy To stop genocide
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 5
4 5
Reasons to fight. Rate them. Which one is the best/worst reason and why?
Let’s Look at war with Spain
• Cuba and Puerto Rico were Spanish possession in the Americas.
• Cuba began to revolt against Spain.
Spain sends General Valerianio Weyler to put down the rebellion.
• 200,000 Cubans died of starvation and disease in Concentration camps
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
CUBA
• Cubans try to free their country from Spanish rule but without success.
• Jose Marti is a Cuban fighter devoted to the revolution. He is exiled from Cuba and ends up in New York writing about the war. His writings fuels Cuban independence.
• He races back to fight in Cuba and dies a martyr (as hero who dies for his cause).
• The war in Cuba against Spain is a guerrilla war where rebels make surprise attacks and then disappear.
The Yellow Press
• US was sympathetic to Cuba’s cause for independence.
• The U.S. press encouraged war with Spain.• Newspapers tried to stir up emotional hatred of
Spain by printing gruesome & sometimes made-up stories about the atrocities committed by Spain in order to sell newspapers. (Yellow Journalism).
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were rival newspaper tycoons whose papers printed these stories.
Activity
• Pulitzer and Hearst agreed that the key to selling newspapers was an attention grabbing emotional headline.
• Discuss the words you see that appeal to people’s emotions.
Activity
• Rewrite the following headlines in the style of yellow journalism. – 1. Dead Body Found in Creek– 2. Grocery Store Robbed– 3. Local Building Burned Down
• Remember you want each title to include alarming or sensational words that would prompt people to buy the paper and find out more.
• Ex: “Politician Accused of Corruption” might be rewritten as “Scandal! Politician Caught in Shameless Crime!”
Remember the Maine!• The U.S decided to go to war
with Spain to keep European military bases away from the U.S. and to protect U.S. tobacco and sugar plantations in Cuba.
• The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect US lives and property. The ship sinks and Spain is blamed.
• “Remember the Maine” becomes a rallying cry for war.
• Ex. Never Forget• President McKinley doesn’t
want war but due to public pressure declares it after the Maine sinks.
Spanish American War
• First fighting began in the Philippines… another Spanish possession.
• Commodore George Dewey conquers the Philippines and seizes Manila.
• T.R. resigns his post as Assistant Secretary to the navy and leads a group of soldiers known as the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba.
• Spain surrenders in Cuba• U.S. troops defeat Spain in Puerto Rico too.
COST OF WAR TO SPAIN
• Gave up all claims to Cuba• Cede the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam to
the US.• In return for a $20 million payment by the US,
Spain gave up control of the Philippines.
These places are good for naval bases and places to obtain raw materials and market goods.
US Gains and Losses
• US becomes a imperialist world power.
• Cost of war to US– 400 Americans died in
battles– 5000 Americans died
from food poisoning
Americans Debate Imperialism William Jennings Bryan
& Mark Twain:
• Critics of imperialism • Attacked it, it was
against American principles
• The American Anti-Imperialist League was formed in 1899
President McKinley: • Supported
imperialism • Argued the United
States had a responsibility to “uplift and civilize” the Filipo people
Chapter 18 Section 3
The United States and East Asia
Objectives:
• Examine the causes and consequences of the Philippine insurrection.
• Analyze the effects of the Open Door Policy.
• Describe how the United States dealt with the rising power of Japan.
Terms and People
• insurrection – a rebellion or revolt
• guerrilla warfare – form of nontraditional warfare, generally by small bands of fighters
• William Howard Taft –governor of the Philippines in 1901, later president of the United States
• spheres of influence – zones in China that gave European powers exclusive access to commerce
• John Hay – U.S. Secretary of State who asserted the Open Door Policy in China
Terms and People (continued)
• “Gentlemen’s Agreement” – pact between the United States and Japan to end segregation of Asian children in San Francisco public schools. In return, Japan agreed to limit the immigration of its citizens to the United States
• Great White Fleet – 1907 world cruise by an armada of U.S. battleships to demonstrate American naval strength
Terms and People (continued)
• Boxer Rebellion – 1900 revolt by secret Chinese societies against outside influences
• Open Door Policy – Secretary of State John Hay’s policy of opposing European colonies and spheres of influence in China
• Russo-Japanese War – war between Japan and Russia in 1904 over the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria
The Philippines:
• The United States purchased the Philippines for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris (1898).
• McKinley:
“The Filipinos First Bath”
The Philippines (Continued):
• Many were angry over the United States’ possession over the Philippines. – Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo used guerilla
warfare in an organized insurrection against the U.S.
– The U.S. reacted with brutality and racism. • Villages were burned down and many were killed
American press defended the brutality by saying, “they must yield before the superior race.”
William H. Taft; 1st Governor – General of the Philippines (1901):
William Howard Taft censored the press and jailed many, but he also…
• Established a health care system • Staffed schools • Built roads and bridges • Extended limited self-rule
Independence:
• In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act which pledged to give the Philippines their
independence. – It did not become an
independent state until 30 years later.
The U.S. Establishes Naval Bases
• The U.S. can now establish naval bases and refueling stations in the Pacific Ocean so that it can trade with Asia.
• Midway added 1867
• Guam added 1898
• Wake Island added 1899
Let’s look atCHINA
• China is rich in natural resources and struggles to keep foreign countries out.
• Foreign countries want parts of China because its natural resources and new places to sell European goods will make the European countries rich.
• In 1895 China is attacked by Japan.
• SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Foreign nations (Britain, France, Germany and Russia) take areas of China and declare exclusive rights over mines, railroads and trade.
»
OPEN DOOR POLICY• Not wanting to be left out, the U.S. calls for equal access to China’s
railroads and ports for trade and investments. This policy was called the Open Door Policy.
• In other words the U.S. did not want to be left out of taking natural resources and setting up new markets in China, just like European countries were doing.
• John Hay was the Secretary of State who called for the Open Door.
BOXER REBELLION
• The Chinese resented foreign control of its country.
• Many resented missionaries who came to China to convert the Chinese to Christianity.
• The Boxers (AKA Fists of Righteous Harmony) attacked & killed 300 foreigners.
• China had to pay $333 million for damages to European powers.
Anti-Asian Prejudice:
• Disrupted relations with Japan • Was extremely prevalent on the West Coast
– San Francisco School Board banned Asian students from attending
classes with white students
Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the school board removed the ban, and in exchange, Japan limited emigration to the United States
Great White Fleet:
• 1907, 16 battleships
• Demonstrated the U.S.’s growing military power
Chapter 18 Section 4
The United States and Latin America
Objectives:
• Examine what happened to Puerto Rico and Cuba after the Spanish – American War.
• Analyze the effects of Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy.
• Compare Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” with the foreign policies of his predecessors.
Terms and People
• Foraker Act – established civil government in Puerto Rico with an appointed governor
• Platt Amendment – set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting to the U.S. the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba
• “big stick” diplomacy – Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to international relations that depended on a strong military to achieve its aims
• Panama Canal – waterway dug across Panama to shorten the trip between the Atlantic and the Pacific
• Roosevelt Corollary – President Theodore Roosevelt’s reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers
• “dollar diplomacy” – President Taft’s policy to encourage investment rather than use force in Latin America
Terms and People (continued)
• “moral diplomacy” – President Wilson’s statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa – Mexican guerrilla and outlaw who eluded capture by General Pershing for 11 months from 1916 to early 1917
The U.S. victory in the Spanish - American War
left the fate of Puerto Rico and Cuba unresolved…
THE US IN LATIN AMERICA
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Speak Softly, and Carry a Big Stick, You Will Go Far!
PANAMA
• TR wants to build a canal through Columbia so:– The US can protect its possessions in the
Pacific.– The US navy can move ships into action
faster for military purposes.– The US can trade quickly and cheaply with
countries and possessions in the Pacific and in Asia.
The Panama Canal:
The World’s Most Important Shortcut! The 8th Wonder of the World!
PROBLEMS!
• TR offers Columbia $10 million to build the canal but Columbia is hoping for more money.
• Meanwhile the Panamanian people in Columbia are revolting and want to break away from Columbia to make their own country.
• TR sends US war ships to help them.
The Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• The Panamanian people win independence from Columbia with the help of the US and quickly sign a treaty allowing the U.S. to build the canal (US pays them $10 million).
THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN 1823 TOLD EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TO STAY OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
• • By 1900 European nations lend Latin American countries large
amounts of money they can not pay back. The European countries threaten to invade nations such as Venezuela and the Dominican Republic.
• President Roosevelt tells European countries that the U.S. will act as an international police force in Latin America if they should want to invade. This is known as the Roosevelt Corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. tells these countries that the U.S. will not tolerate any foreign influences in the Western Hemisphere.
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
– President Taft wanted to influence Latin America in a peaceful way.
– Taft encouraged American banks to invest in Latin America. This was called DOLLAR DIPLOMACY. (Instead of bullets we will used dollars to help Latin American countries do better)
– Dollar Diplomacy was not very successful since the US sent troops into Latin America to protect US investments when revolution broke out.
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
• Supported human rights and national integrity rather than U.S. self-interest
• Promised the U.S. would “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest”
