chapter 18 the rise of smokestack america the american people, 6 th ed
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Technological Innovations Advances in technology allowed production to be more efficient which in turn generated new needs and newer innovations New power sources were at the heart of America’s shift to mass production; electricity was the key to a new worldview for most AmericansTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 18Chapter 18The Rise of The Rise of Smokestack AmericaSmokestack America
The American PeopleThe American People, 6, 6thth ed. ed.
I.I. The Texture of The Texture of Industrial ProgressIndustrial Progress
Technological Technological InnovationsInnovations Advances in technology allowed Advances in technology allowed
production to be more efficient which in production to be more efficient which in turn generated new needs and newer turn generated new needs and newer innovationsinnovations
New power sources were at the heart of New power sources were at the heart of America’s shift to mass production; America’s shift to mass production; electricity was the key to a new electricity was the key to a new worldview for most Americansworldview for most Americans
RailroadsRailroads Railroads were the first gigantic Railroads were the first gigantic
corporations in Americacorporations in America The government expedited the building of The government expedited the building of
the railroads with generous land grants the railroads with generous land grants and business-friendly regulationsand business-friendly regulations
The high cost of running a railroad The high cost of running a railroad necessitated cut-throat business practicesnecessitated cut-throat business practices
The logistical tangles of the industry The logistical tangles of the industry prompted development of professional prompted development of professional management techniquesmanagement techniques
IntegrationIntegration Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration: adding operations : adding operations
before or after the production process before or after the production process such as distribution; desires all stages of such as distribution; desires all stages of productionproduction
Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration: the combination : the combination of multiple similar business ventures of multiple similar business ventures under one “umbrella”; desires a under one “umbrella”; desires a monopoly of a particular marketmonopoly of a particular market
II.II. Urban Expansion in the Urban Expansion in the Industrial AgeIndustrial Age
The CitiesThe Cities The central cause of the phenomenal The central cause of the phenomenal
growth of cities in this era was their ability growth of cities in this era was their ability to attract newcomers from rural areas to attract newcomers from rural areas and abroadand abroad
Work and increased pay rates was the Work and increased pay rates was the prime attractionprime attraction
Rural life was often dullRural life was often dull
The New Immigration, The New Immigration, 1880-19001880-1900 Over the course of the century, the Over the course of the century, the
sources of immigrants for the United sources of immigrants for the United States changedStates changed
““New immigrants” came from southern New immigrants” came from southern and eastern Europeand eastern Europe
New agricultural techniques in these New agricultural techniques in these European regions removed the need for European regions removed the need for thousands of farm laborersthousands of farm laborers
III. The Industrial CityIII. The Industrial City
NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods Working-class neighborhoods clustered Working-class neighborhoods clustered
near the city’s centernear the city’s center Usually separated by particular ethnic Usually separated by particular ethnic
groupsgroups These areas were crowded, unsanitary, These areas were crowded, unsanitary,
and dangerousand dangerous Community cohesion became the saving Community cohesion became the saving
force for many immigrantsforce for many immigrants
The SuburbsThe Suburbs The fringes of the city contained the The fringes of the city contained the
houses of the middle class and the richhouses of the middle class and the rich Public transportation allowed them to Public transportation allowed them to
work in the city center and live outsidework in the city center and live outside The upper classes often had no idea The upper classes often had no idea
what conditions the working class had to what conditions the working class had to endureendure
IV.IV. Industrial Work and the Industrial Work and the Laboring ClassLaboring Class
Ethnic DiversityEthnic Diversity
Immigrants made up a large portion of the Immigrants made up a large portion of the working class in the late nineteenth centuryworking class in the late nineteenth century
The occupational patterns of the workplace are The occupational patterns of the workplace are a direct result of the ethnic diversity of the timesa direct result of the ethnic diversity of the times
Whites occupied the top tier, next came northern Whites occupied the top tier, next came northern Europeans, next came the “new immigrants”, Europeans, next came the “new immigrants”, and finally came African Americansand finally came African Americans
The Nature of WorkThe Nature of Work A majority of Americans now labored in a A majority of Americans now labored in a
factory setting or small sweatshopfactory setting or small sweatshop Workdays were very long: ten hours a day, Workdays were very long: ten hours a day,
six days a weeksix days a week Work was uncomfortable, dangerous, and Work was uncomfortable, dangerous, and
usually repetitively boring; accident rates usually repetitively boring; accident rates were highwere high
Sending children into the work forces was a Sending children into the work forces was a fact of survival for many Americansfact of survival for many Americans
V. Capital Versus LaborV. Capital Versus Labor
ProtestsProtests Workers and employers constantly Workers and employers constantly
struggled for control of the workplacestruggled for control of the workplace Workers felt the right to control the pace Workers felt the right to control the pace
of production in factories and developed of production in factories and developed strong-arm tactics to encourage solidarity strong-arm tactics to encourage solidarity within the shopwithin the shop
Protest came in the guise of absenteeism, Protest came in the guise of absenteeism, drunkenness, general inefficiency, and drunkenness, general inefficiency, and quitting work altogetherquitting work altogether
StrikesStrikes The most direct methodology to adjust The most direct methodology to adjust
conditions in the workplace was the strikeconditions in the workplace was the strike Strikes in the nineteenth century usually Strikes in the nineteenth century usually
happened at the workplace, replacing happened at the workplace, replacing neighborhood riotsneighborhood riots
As collective action spread, unions began to As collective action spread, unions began to play a more active role in arbitration of play a more active role in arbitration of grievancesgrievances
Coordination between workplaces performing Coordination between workplaces performing the same work led to uniform wages and hoursthe same work led to uniform wages and hours