Chapter 19A Revolution in Politics:

The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

North America, 1700-1803

North America, 1700-1803

1. The French had successfully expanded beyond their struggling colony of New France due to the efforts of the coureurs de bois (independent traders) who explored west to present-day North Dakota and Colorado. Notable were the activities of fur trader Louis Jolliet and the Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette who traveled the Upper Mississippi and journeyed south to where the Mississippi joins the Arkansas River. Later, the Sieur de La Salle would travel the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico (1682) thereby establishing the French claim to the Mississippi basin. This claim was solidified in 1718 with the establishment of New Orleans.

2. In the Peace of Utrecht (1713) that ended the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War in the North American colonies), the French recognized the British title to Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia), and St. Christopher.

3. Encroachments by other Europeans into lands considered to be Spanish forced Spain to show greater concern about the border region of Texas. For the most part, Spain ignored Texas while it concentrated on New Mexico. However, when reports arrived in 1689 that the French had established a colony on the Texas coast (directed by La Salle), Spain ordered expedition. The discovery of the abandoned site confirmed the Spanish government's worst fears. British activity opposite Florida caused further anxiety. Clearly, Spanish lands were imperiled and they had to be defended.

4. The peace of 1763 ending the Seven Years' War made Britain a clear winner in North America. From the French it gained all of France's possessions east of the Mississippi River and from the Spanish it acquired Florida in return for recognizing Spain's acquisition of French claims west of the Mississippi River.

5. Russia countered Spanish claims in the northwest when it pushed across Siberia into Alaska. Eventually the Russians reached as far south as northern California in their quest for food and supplies to support their presence in Alaska.

6. The revolutionary victory of the Americans in 1783 brought them the lands east of the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains. The American claim to this territory was enhanced by the victories of George Rogers Clark in the Ohio River Valley. By a separate treaty in 1783, Spain received Florida from the British.

7. Under pressure from Napoleon, Spain ceded back to France in 1800 the vast Louisiana territory. With Napoleon needing cash to resume his war in Europe, France sold Louisiana in 1803 to the Americans for $15 million. Explorations by Meriweather Lewis and William Clark in 1804-1805 established the American claim to the northwestern territory.

Questions:1. How were the French able to make such vast claims on the North American continent?2. Why did the Spanish begin to show more interest in Texas?

North America, 1700-1803

1. The French had successfully expanded beyond their struggling colony of New France due to the efforts of the coureurs de bois (independent traders) who explored west to present-day North Dakota and Colorado. Notable were the activities of fur trader Louis Jolliet and the Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette who traveled the Upper Mississippi and journeyed south to where the Mississippi joins the Arkansas River. Later, the Sieur de La Salle would travel the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico (1682) thereby establishing the French claim to the Mississippi basin. This claim was solidified in 1718 with the establishment of New Orleans.

2. In the Peace of Utrecht (1713) that ended the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War in the North American colonies), the French recognized the British title to Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia), and St. Christopher.

3. Encroachments by other Europeans into lands considered to be Spanish forced Spain to show greater concern about the border region of Texas. For the most part, Spain ignored Texas while it concentrated on New Mexico. However, when reports arrived in 1689 that the French had established a colony on the Texas coast (directed by La Salle), Spain ordered expedition. The discovery of the abandoned site confirmed the Spanish government's worst fears. British activity opposite Florida caused further anxiety. Clearly, Spanish lands were imperiled and they had to be defended.

4. The peace of 1763 ending the Seven Years' War made Britain a clear winner in North America. From the French it gained all of France's possessions east of the Mississippi River and from the Spanish it acquired Florida in return for recognizing Spain's acquisition of French claims west of the Mississippi River.

5. Russia countered Spanish claims in the northwest when it pushed across Siberia into Alaska. Eventually the Russians reached as far south as northern California in their quest for food and supplies to support their presence in Alaska.

6. The revolutionary victory of the Americans in 1783 brought them the lands east of the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains. The American claim to this territory was enhanced by the victories of George Rogers Clark in the Ohio River Valley. By a separate treaty in 1783, Spain received Florida from the British.

7. Under pressure from Napoleon, Spain ceded back to France in 1800 the vast Louisiana territory. With Napoleon needing cash to resume his war in Europe, France sold Louisiana in 1803 to the Americans for $15 million. Explorations by Meriweather Lewis and William Clark in 1804-1805 established the American claim to the northwestern territory.

Questions:1. How were the French able to make such vast claims on the North American continent?2. Why did the Spanish begin to show more interest in Texas?

Beginnings of the Revolutionary Age: American Revolution Reorganization, Resistance, and Rebellion

Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War 50% of adult male population can vote Indirect political representation in England “No taxation without representation” Boston Tea Party

War for Independence Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 Declaration of Independence, 1776 Battle of Saratoga, 1777

Commitment of European aid Battle of Yorktown, 1781 Peace of Paris, 1783

Toward a New Nation Articles of Confederation, 1781-1789 Constitution, 1789

Bill of Rights, 1791 Impact of the American Revolution on Europe

Concept of freedom Concept of rights

Background to the French Revolution Social Structure

First and Second Estates First Estate = clergy (130,000) Second Estate = nobility (350,000)

Third Estate Commoners

Peasants = 75-80% of the population Peasants own 35-40% of the land

Skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and wage earners Bourgeoisie (middle class)

Own 20-25% of the land Middle class without power

Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 One-third of the population is poor Privileges of the clergy and nobility Financial crisis

Summoning the Estates General The French Revolution

Estates General to a National Assembly 300 delegates each to the First and Second Estate 600 delegates to the Third Estate

Strong legal and urban presence Cahiers de doléances

Estates General meets May 5, 1789 Question of voting by order or head Abbé Sieyès “What is the Third Estate?”

National Assembly constituted, June 17 Tennis Court Oath, June 20

Urban and rural uprisings Attack on the Bastille, July 14 Peasant rebellions, July 19-August 3 Great Fear

Destruction of the Old Regime Seigneurial rights abolished, August 4, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26

Does this include women? Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of

Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The King and the Church

Women’s March to Versailles, October 5, 1789 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July, 1790

Constitution of 1791 Power in the Legislative Assembly

Self-denying ordinance Flight of the king, June 1791 Opposition from abroad

Declaration of war on Austria, April 20, 1792 Radical Revolution

Paris Commune Georges Danton (1759-1794)

The French Conquests during the Revolutionary Wars

French Conquests During the Revolutionary Wars

1. France’s war against Europe began on April 20, 1792, when war was declared on Austria. By 1793 an informal coalition against France consisted of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Russia. The French army was soon on the defensive, being left by July 1793 with only the area around Paris and the eastern frontier to defend. However, under the guidance of the Committee of Public Safety, the army was rebuilt to a force of 1,169,000 men, making it the largest in Europe. In 1794 the allies were pushed across the Rhine and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) was conquered. This was followed in early 1795 by the fall of Holland and the creation of the Batavian Republic under French tutelage.

2. The French army of Napoleon in 1797 crushed the Austrians in Lombardy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Austrian Netherlands was ceded to France, French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was confirmed, and recognition was given to the newly formed Ligurian Republic centered on the city of Genoa and the Cisalpine Republic around Milan. In return, Austria had a free hand to absorb Venice into its empire.

3. After the death of a French general at the hands of a Roman mob, Rome was invaded in 1797. Following this, the Roman Republic under French rule was created. When Pope Pius VI protested he was made a French prisoner and died while in custody. The situation offered Ferdinand IV of Naples an opportunity to defend the Church while expropriating papal territory. His armies easily subdued Rome in November 1798 but the following month French troops descended from the north to defeat the Neapolitan army. Chased back to Naples, the army could not stop the French seizure of the city. The French proclaimed the Parthenopean Republic in January 1799. Under attack from the British navy, the republic lasted only five months and Ferdinand was returned to his throne.

4. In April of 1798 a French army invaded Switzerland and set up the Helvetic Republic under the protection of France.

5. The Treaty of Luneville in 1801 between France and Austria confirmed the provisions of Campo Formio and legitimized the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine, and Ligurian Republics. Also reconfirmed as French territory was the left bank of the Rhine from the North Sea to Switzerland. Finally, Austria agreed to the restructuring of the map of Germany into the French dominated Confederation of the Rhine.

Questions:1. How did the boundaries of France change between 1792 and 1801?2. How did France restructure the lands that were conquered?3. What were the social and economic consequences of France controlling such a large part of Europe?

French Conquests During the Revolutionary Wars

1. France’s war against Europe began on April 20, 1792, when war was declared on Austria. By 1793 an informal coalition against France consisted of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Russia. The French army was soon on the defensive, being left by July 1793 with only the area around Paris and the eastern frontier to defend. However, under the guidance of the Committee of Public Safety, the army was rebuilt to a force of 1,169,000 men, making it the largest in Europe. In 1794 the allies were pushed across the Rhine and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) was conquered. This was followed in early 1795 by the fall of Holland and the creation of the Batavian Republic under French tutelage.

2. The French army of Napoleon in 1797 crushed the Austrians in Lombardy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Austrian Netherlands was ceded to France, French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was confirmed, and recognition was given to the newly formed Ligurian Republic centered on the city of Genoa and the Cisalpine Republic around Milan. In return, Austria had a free hand to absorb Venice into its empire.

3. After the death of a French general at the hands of a Roman mob, Rome was invaded in 1797. Following this, the Roman Republic under French rule was created. When Pope Pius VI protested he was made a French prisoner and died while in custody. The situation offered Ferdinand IV of Naples an opportunity to defend the Church while expropriating papal territory. His armies easily subdued Rome in November 1798 but the following month French troops descended from the north to defeat the Neapolitan army. Chased back to Naples, the army could not stop the French seizure of the city. The French proclaimed the Parthenopean Republic in January 1799. Under attack from the British navy, the republic lasted only five months and Ferdinand was returned to his throne.

4. In April of 1798 a French army invaded Switzerland and set up the Helvetic Republic under the protection of France.

5. The Treaty of Luneville in 1801 between France and Austria confirmed the provisions of Campo Formio and legitimized the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine, and Ligurian Republics. Also reconfirmed as French territory was the left bank of the Rhine from the North Sea to Switzerland. Finally, Austria agreed to the restructuring of the map of Germany into the French dominated Confederation of the Rhine.

Questions:1. How did the boundaries of France change between 1792 and 1801?2. How did France restructure the lands that were conquered?3. What were the social and economic consequences of France controlling such a large part of Europe?

National Convention, September 1792 Universal male suffrage Abolish the monarchy, September 21 Factions

Girondins The Mountain

Execution of Louis XVI, January 21, 1793 Counterrevolution Military losses

Mobilization of the nation Committee of Public Safety and Reign of Terror, July

1793-July 1794

“Republic of Virtue” Price controls Women Dechristianization New calendar Execution of Maximilien Robespierre, July 28, 1794

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

1. A combined French and Spanish fleet being moved to Holland in preparation for an invasion of Britain was destroyed in October 1805 at Trafalgar off the coast of Spain by a British fleet.

2. On land, the forces of Napoleon were repeatedly victorious. At Ulm in October 1805 a large Austrian army was defeated and soon thereafter Vienna was occupied. In December 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined forces of Austria and Prussia at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in Austria withdrawing from Italy and Napoleon being recognized as the king of Italy. The following year the Prussian army was defeated at Jena and Auerstadt. Berlin was soon thereafter occupied. In 1807, Napoleon crushed the Russians at Friedland and seized East Prussia.

3. By the Treaty of Tilset (1807), Russia was permitted to take Finland from Sweden (an enemy of France) and France was free to take Portugal (a British outpost). Out of Prussia's territory was carved the Grand Duchy of Warsaw under French protection. For Russia, there was concern when in 1809 the territory, on its doorstep, was enlarged.

4. In November 1806 Napoleon issued the Berlin Decrees that prohibited his allies from trading with Britain. The Milan Decree the following year sought to stop even neutral nations from trading with Britain. This Continental System hurt the European economy more than Britain as Napoleon failed to comprehend how much the two economies were intertwined. Moreover, Britain declared that any port refusing to receive its goods would be blockaded. Significantly, Britain had the navy to back up the promise while the French after Trafalgar had virtually no navy to stop them.

5. At the end of 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System prompting Napoleon to act. By June of 1812 Napoleon had amassed an army of over 600,000 men, though by the time he reached Russia it was down to 422,000. Unwilling to do battle, the Russians retreated, embracing a scorched earth policy. Only at Borodino, outside Moscow, did they give battle. The Russians inflicted 30,000 casualties on the French but suffering twice as many for themselves. The French entered Moscow in September 1812 and promptly the city was set afire by the Muscovites. With winter beginning to set in, Napoleon ordered withdrawal. Begun in October, the retreat turned into a disaster as the ravages of winter and attacking Russians depleted the withdrawing troops. Only about 10,000 of the original number made it to German soil.

6. With a reconstituted army, Napoleon crushed Austria, Prussia, and Russia at Dresden in 1813 but a few months later he was decisively defeated at Leipzig. An allied army followed Napoleon to Paris. He abdicated in March 1814. Exiled to Elba off the coast of Italy, Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and fought one last battle at Waterloo where he was again decisively defeated on June 18, 1815.

Questions:1. Why was Napoleon such a successful general?2. Why was the Russian campaign the beginning of the end for Napoleon?3. Why was Napoleon allowed to go into exile rather than be executed by the victorious allies?

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

1. A combined French and Spanish fleet being moved to Holland in preparation for an invasion of Britain was destroyed in October 1805 at Trafalgar off the coast of Spain by a British fleet.

2. On land, the forces of Napoleon were repeatedly victorious. At Ulm in October 1805 a large Austrian army was defeated and soon thereafter Vienna was occupied. In December 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined forces of Austria and Prussia at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in Austria withdrawing from Italy and Napoleon being recognized as the king of Italy. The following year the Prussian army was defeated at Jena and Auerstadt. Berlin was soon thereafter occupied. In 1807, Napoleon crushed the Russians at Friedland and seized East Prussia.

3. By the Treaty of Tilset (1807), Russia was permitted to take Finland from Sweden (an enemy of France) and France was free to take Portugal (a British outpost). Out of Prussia's territory was carved the Grand Duchy of Warsaw under French protection. For Russia, there was concern when in 1809 the territory, on its doorstep, was enlarged.

4. In November 1806 Napoleon issued the Berlin Decrees that prohibited his allies from trading with Britain. The Milan Decree the following year sought to stop even neutral nations from trading with Britain. This Continental System hurt the European economy more than Britain as Napoleon failed to comprehend how much the two economies were intertwined. Moreover, Britain declared that any port refusing to receive its goods would be blockaded. Significantly, Britain had the navy to back up the promise while the French after Trafalgar had virtually no navy to stop them.

5. At the end of 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System prompting Napoleon to act. By June of 1812 Napoleon had amassed an army of over 600,000 men, though by the time he reached Russia it was down to 422,000. Unwilling to do battle, the Russians retreated, embracing a scorched earth policy. Only at Borodino, outside Moscow, did they give battle. The Russians inflicted 30,000 casualties on the French but suffering twice as many for themselves. The French entered Moscow in September 1812 and promptly the city was set afire by the Muscovites. With winter beginning to set in, Napoleon ordered withdrawal. Begun in October, the retreat turned into a disaster as the ravages of winter and attacking Russians depleted the withdrawing troops. Only about 10,000 of the original number made it to German soil.

6. With a reconstituted army, Napoleon crushed Austria, Prussia, and Russia at Dresden in 1813 but a few months later he was decisively defeated at Leipzig. An allied army followed Napoleon to Paris. He abdicated in March 1814. Exiled to Elba off the coast of Italy, Napoleon escaped in March 1815 and fought one last battle at Waterloo where he was again decisively defeated on June 18, 1815.

Questions:1. Why was Napoleon such a successful general?2. Why was the Russian campaign the beginning of the end for Napoleon?3. Why was Napoleon allowed to go into exile rather than be executed by the victorious allies?

Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory Curtails much of the Terror’s policies Conservative turn of the Revolution Constitution of 1795

Five person Directory Period of stagnation

Age of Napoleon Rise of Napoleon

Born in Corsica, 1769 Commissioned a lieutenant, 1785 Promoted to brigadier general, 1794 Victory in Italy, 1797 Defeat in Egypt, 1799

Republic of France proclaimed, 1799 First Consul First Consul for life, 1802

Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804 Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon

Concordat of 1801 Code Napoleon (Civil Code) Centralization of administration

Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response Peace of Amiens, 1802 Renewal of war, 1803 Military victories, 1805-1807 Grand Empire, destruction of the old order

Failure of the Grand Empire Survival of Britain

Continental System, 1806-1807 Nationalism Invasion of Russia, 1812 Defeat of Napoleon, April 1814

Exiled to Elba Escape, 1815 Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 Exile to St. Helena

Seapower