chapter 19 radioactivity and nuclear energy. exit the nucleus and chemistry the chemistry of an atom...

Chapter 19Chapter 19

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

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The Nucleus and ChemistryThe Nucleus and Chemistry

The chemistry of an atom is determined by the number and arrangement of its electrons, the properties of the nucleus do not strongly affect the chemical behavior of an atom.

Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved. 2

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The Size of the NucleusThe Size of the Nucleus


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Parts of the AtomParts of the Atom


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RadioactiveRadioactive

Radioactive; Atoms with nuclei that spontaneously decompose, forming a different nucleus and producing one or more particles.


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What is ALPHA radiation? What is ALPHA radiation?

Alpha Radiation is when the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons.


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How do you figure out the new element using the periodic table?


238U α + _______________

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Instant Question #1Instant Question #1

Which of the illustrations below depicts an alpha particle?

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If the isotope phosphourous-32 loses a alpha particle it becomes ____________

A. phosphorous – 30B phosphorous – 28C. aluminum – 30D. aluminum– 28

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Which direction and how far is the new element when iron-56 loses an alpha particle? 56Fe α + __

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What is a Neutron?What is a Neutron?

It is a proton and electron fussed together


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Beta RadiationBeta Radiation

What if the neutron released the electron?


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Beta, One Right Move!Beta, One Right Move!

If Na-24 loses a beta particle


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What is Beta radiation?What is Beta radiation?

Beta radiation is a stream of electrons being given off by an element as neutrons turn into protons.


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Can they penetrate living matter?Can they penetrate living matter?

Beta particles are able to penetrate living matter to a certain extent.

They interact with the skin but remember the outer layer of skin is dead anyway.

The real danger is breathing it in.


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Instant Question # 4Instant Question # 4

True or False: Beta radiation can travel for hundreds of miles.


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True or False: Beta radiation is more penetrating than alpha.


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When a neutron emits beta radiation it becomes a:

A. Positron B. ProtonC. Atom D. Ion


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Beta particles can be used to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer


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What is Gamma Radiation?What is Gamma Radiation?Gamma radiation is high energy waves that

are produced with fission reactions or other high energy nuclear decays. They are similar to X-rays.


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Summary Summary


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The decay series of UraniumThe decay series of Uranium ..

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Discussion: HALF LIFEDiscussion: HALF LIFE


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Penetrating Power of RadiationPenetrating Power of Radiation

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HALF LIFEHALF LIFE

is the period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.


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Suppose you start with Suppose you start with 64 grams of radium-223 64 grams of radium-223


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HALF LIFEHALF LIFE



Quiz #1 – 3 Quiz #1 – 3

Match the names with the symbols1. Alpha radiation2. Beta radiation3. Gamma radiation


Quiz # 4 and 5Quiz # 4 and 5

Identify the missing particles

Pu23994 Pu

23994


Quiz # 6Quiz # 6

If an isotope of iron gave off a beta particle, it would:

A. Turn into Manganese B. Turn into Chromium C. Turn into Cobalt D. Remain iron but have a different

atomic number


Quiz # 7Quiz # 7

If an isotope of iron gave off a alpha particle, it would:

A. Turn into Manganese B. Turn into Chromium C. Turn into Cobalt D. Remain iron but have a different atomic

number


Quiz # 8 Quiz # 8

Put these types of radiation in order of

least penetrating to most.

a. Alpha Beta Gamma

b. Beta Gamma Alpha

c. Beta Alpha Gamma

d. Gamma Beta Alpha


Which number on the graph represents the time needed for ½ of the isotope to decay?

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Quiz # 10Quiz # 10

Which equation represents a nuclear reaction?

A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3

B. Fe Fe2+ + 2eC. 39K 39Ca + eD. 2H+ + O2- H2O

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NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER

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Where do we get Uranium?Where do we get Uranium?

From the earth. It is mined like iron or copper.


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Getting it out of the groundGetting it out of the ground

It isn’t extremely difficult to obtain but it isn’t easy either. You have to have big trucks big machines and big money.

It occurs naturally in low concentrations 3-4 PPM. About a teaspoon for ore the size of my desk.


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Ranger Uranium Mine Ranger Uranium Mine


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Is it dangerous?Is it dangerous?

It is a natural poison but it is only weakly radioactive. It decays by beta emission.


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Can Uranium safe enough to pick Can Uranium safe enough to pick up with your hands? up with your hands?


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What are the isotopes of uranium?What are the isotopes of uranium?

The 235.When hit with a neutron, 235 splits into two

atoms and gives off 3 more neutrons.

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Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.

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Remember the nucleus Remember the nucleus is very smallis very small


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Critical MassCritical MassA critical mass is the smallest amount of

uranium-235 needed for a sustained nuclear reaction.


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Size, Shape, Surroundings Size, Shape, Surroundings


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Separating the isotopesSeparating the isotopesSeparating isotopes is like separating twins.

It is difficult to tell them apart.



Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.


Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

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Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.


Dose 5.1 Sieverts He died 25 days later. This Is his hand after nine days.

As he was moving the brick over the assembly, counters alerted him to the fact that the addition of this brick would render the system supercritical. As he withdrew his hand, he accidentally dropped the brick onto the assembly.

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Louis SlotinLouis Slotin


On May 21, 1946, Slotin accidentally began a fission reaction


white-tailed deer tongues harvested over 50 miles from the reactor subsequent to the accident were found to have significantly higher levels of Cs-137 than was found in deer in the counties immediately surrounding the power plant. However, the elevated levels were still below those seen in deer in other parts of the country during the height of atmospheric weapons testing


Figure 19.7: Schematic of the reactor core.Figure 19.7: Schematic of the reactor core.


Figure 19.9: Figure 19.9: Diagram for the Diagram for the tentative plan for tentative plan for deep underground deep underground

isolation of isolation of nuclear waste.nuclear waste.

chapter 19 radioactivity and nuclear energy. exit the nucleus and chemistry the chemistry of an atom...

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