chapter 19 section 4 struggles for justice objectives describe the efforts of african american...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Objectives
• Describe the efforts of African American leaders to fight discrimination.
• Describe the life of Mexican Americans and the challenges they faced.
• Explain why some Americans called for limits on Japanese immigration.
• Discuss the problems facing religious minorities.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Terms and People
• Booker T. Washington – educator and prominent African American leader
• W.E.B. Du Bois – African American leader who urged blacks to fight discrimination
• lynching – murder by a mob
• parochial school – school sponsored by a church
• anti-Semitism – prejudice against Jews
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
What challenges faced minority groups?
Though they fought for reform, most Progressives had little interest in fighting against discrimination.
The turn of the century was a time of struggle for many ethnic and religious minorities.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
African Americans faced discrimination in both the North and the South.
Jim Crow laws enforced
segregation.
Lynchings increased after the depression
of 1893.
Landlords refused to offer equal housing.
African Americans were restricted to the
poorest jobs.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Booker T. Washington was one of the most prominent African American leaders of the time.
• Born into slavery
• Helped found the Tuskegee Institute
• Advised African Americans to learn trades and move up gradually in society
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
W.E.B. Du Bois had a different view of how African Americans should respond to discrimination.
• First African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard
• Agreed with Washington on the need for education
• Urged blacks to fight discrimination now
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Fighting against discrimination, however, was not easy. Blacks were threatened, beaten, and even lynched.
The journalist Ida B. Wells used her newspaper, Free Speech, to raise awareness, despite threats against her life.
She called on African Americans to:
• boycott segregated streetcars
• boycott white-owned stores
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
In 1909, W.E.B. Du Bois joined Jane Addams and other reformers to create an organization to work for equal rights for African Americans.
National Association
for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP)
African Americans saw some successes during the Progressive Era:
Sarah Walker became the first female African American millionaire.
Scientist George Washington Carver discovered new uses for Southern crops.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Mexican Americans were also targets of discrimination.
• Their children were forced to go to separate schools.
• They were denied skilled jobs and often worked as manual laborers.
• They were paid less than Anglo workers.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
United StatesThe number of Mexicans immigrating to the United States soared following a revolution in Mexico in 1910.
All levels of Mexican society immigrated, mostly to the Southwest. In time, the migration spread to the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains.
Warand
famine
Mexicans
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Mexican Americans created barrios to
preserve their language and culture.
They formed mutualistas such as the Mexican Blue Cross to
help each other.
These groups collected money for insurance,
legal advice, and those in need.
The barrio in Los Angeles was the most
populous.
Despite discrimination, Mexican Americans found ways to help each other.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Prejudice against Asians had already stopped Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act
of 1882
Employers on the West Coast began to hire Asian immigrants from other countries, such as Japan.
More than 100,000 Japanese entered the United States in the early 1900s.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Many Japanese immigrants farmed land that Americans had thought was useless.
Japanese farms soon became profitable.
Yet Anti-Japanese feelings ran high.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
In response to public pressure, President Roosevelt reached a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with the Japanese government.
Japanese leaders were insulted. Roosevelt wanted to avoid conflict with a growing naval power.
In return, the U.S. allowed the wives of Japanese immigrants already in the county to join their husbands.
Roosevelt convinced the Japanese to stop any more workers from entering the United States.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Members of religious minorities also suffered discrimination.
Nativist groups worked to restrict Catholics and Jews from immigrating.
Catholics and Jews who were not immigrants faced discrimination in jobs and housing.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
Like other minorities, Catholic children were often discriminated against in school.
In response, American Catholics set up their own schools.
Public Schools
Run by states
Parochial Schools
Run by churches
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
To combat anti-Semitism, American Jews founded an organization to promote understanding and fight prejudice.
Anti-Defamation League
Today, many Americans continue to work against prejudice.
Jews also faced serious prejudice in the legal system. One man was falsely accused of murder and lynched.
Chapter 19 Section 4
Struggles for Justice
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