Chapter 1

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

1

What does it mean?

Anatomy

–Study of structure and shape

Physiology

–Study of function

2

Anatomy

Gross anatomy

– Study of large structure

Microscopic anatomy

– Study of small structure

– Seen through microscope

Anatomy from Greek words

– ana means “apart”

– tomy means “to cut”

3

Physiology

Physiology

–The study of how body parts work or function

Physiology from Greek words

–physio means “nature”

–ology means “the study of”

4

Anatomy and Physiology

Structure and function

–always related

–“Form follows function”

Structure of organ determines its function

Surgery saves baby born with heart outside body -YouTube [360p].mp4 (2:40)

5

Levels of Organization

Smallest

Biggest

atoms

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organisms

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Chemical Level

Simplest

Chemicals make up cells

Atoms

– Building blocks of matter

Molecules

– Atoms that are bonded

Chemically joined

7

Cellular Level

Cells

– Building blocks of life

– Smallest unit of life

8

Tissue Level

Tissues

– Groups of similar cells

– Perform same job

Common function

Four basic tissues

9

Organ Level

Organ

–made of two or more tissues working together

–Performs specific job

10

Organ System Level

Organ system

–group of organs working together

–perform common job

11 organ systems

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Organism Level

Highest level of organization

The organ systems working together

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Humans = 11 organ systems

Human Body Systems_ The 11 Champions - YouTube [720p].mp4(7:44)

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1) Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Functions:

–Waterproofs

–Regulates temp

–Contains sense receptors

14

2) Skeletal System

Bone, cartilage, ligaments

Functions:

–Support, provides framework for movement, protects organs

15

3) Muscular System

Muscles

Functions:

– Contract to cause motion

– Help maintain body temp and posture

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4) Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense receptors

“control system”

– Fast

– Transmits and responds to messages

– Integration and coordination

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5) Endocrine System

Glands and hormones

– Ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, etc

Function:

– Controls body activities

– Slower acting

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6) Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels

“Transportation system”

Function:

– Transports nutrients, hormones, wastes

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7) Lymphatic System

Vessels, nodes, fluid, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils

Function:

– Helps to cleanse blood

– Returns fluid to blood stream

Works w/ cardio sys

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8) Digestive System

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

Function– Absorption and secretion

break down or digest food

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9) Respiratory System

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Function:

– Absorption and secretion

– Gas exchange and breathing

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10) Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

“excretory system”

Function:

– Removes nitrogen containing wastes

– Helps maintain fluid and ion balance

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11) Reproductive System

Male

–Testes and associated organs

–Function:

Produce sperm

Female

–Ovaries and associated organs

–Produce eggs (ova)

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Life Functions (Table 1.1)

MovementResponsivenessGrowthReproductionRespirationDigestionAbsorptionCirculationAssimilationExcretion

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Metabolism

Acquisition of food and utilization of its energy plus excretion

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Survival Needs

Volume, [ ], quantity, quality all important

1) Water

2) Food

3) Oxygen

4) Heat

5) Pressure

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1) Water

Required for metabolic processes

Transports substances

Helps w/ temp. regulation

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2) Food

Provides nutrients

Supply energy

Helps regulate rx

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3) Oxygen

1/5 of air

Helps release energy from food

Drives metabolic processes

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4) Heat

Form of energy

Product of metabolic rx

More heat usually = faster rx

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5) Pressure

Application of force

Atmospheric pressure = force due to weight of air

– important for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure = force exerted by a fluid

32

Vital Signs

Body temp

Blood pressure

Pulse

Breathing

33

Language of Anatomy

Terminology

–Allows description of location and position

–Requires few words

Anatomical position

–Body erect

–Facing forward

–Palms forward

34

Directional

Terms Superior

– Above

– Toward the upper part

Inferior

– Below

– Toward the lower part

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Directional Terms

Anterior

– In front of

– Toward the front of

Posterior

– Behind

– Toward the back of

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Directional Terms

Medial

– On the inner side of

– Toward the midline

Lateral

– On the outer side of

– Away from the midline

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Directional Terms

Proximal

– Close to origin

– Close to point of attachment

Distal

– Away from origin

– Away from the point of attachment

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Directional Terms

Superficial

–Toward body surface

Deep

–Away from body surface

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Directional Terms

40

Directional Terms

Used by medical personal

Explain location of structure

Relative to another

The wrist is _____ to the hand.

The breastbone is _____ to the spine.

The brain is _____ to the spinal cord.

The thumb is _____ to the fingers.

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Anatomical Review

42

Body Planes and Sections

Section = Cut

Plane = Imaginary line through the body

Three types of sections

1) Sagittal

2) Frontal (coronal)

3) Transverse (horizontal)

43

Sagittal Sections

Sagittal section

–made lengthwise

–Divides into right and left

If in center = midsagittalMedian

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Frontal (coronal) Section

- Divides into anterior and posterior

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Transverse Section

along horizontal section

Divides into superior and inferior

Also called cross section

46

Planes of the Body

47

Body Cavities - 2 divisions

1) Axial

– Head, neck, trunk

2) Appendicular

– Upper and lower limbs

48

Body Cavities

Dorsal body cavity

– Sub category of Axial

– Has two subdivisions

– 1) Cranial cavity Space inside the skull

– Brain

– 2) Spinal cavity (vertebral canal) Space inside the vertebral

column– Spine

49

Body Cavities

Ventral Cavity

- subdivision of axial

includes:

- thoracic

- Abdominopelvic

- abdominal

- pelvic

* Copy the diagram that I am going to draw on board.

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51

52

Abdominal Area9 regions:

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric Left hypochondriac

Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar

Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac

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9 Abdominal Regions

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Cavities within head

1) Oral (teeth, tongue)

2) Nasal

3) Orbital (eyes)

4) Middle Ear

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Bone Cuts

1) Cross Section = across

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Bone Cuts

2) Oblique Section = angular

57

Bone Cuts

3) Longitudinal = lengthwise

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Name the Cut:

59

Types of Membranes 1) Parietal – refers

to membrane attached to wall or cavity

Ex: Lines compartment

• 2) Visceral – refers to deeper membrane

- covers internal organ

ex: lung

Cavity = a space60

Membrane examples:

Parietal pleura – lines thoracic compartments

–Pleur = rib

Visceral pleura – covers lungs

–Separated by serous fluid

Pleural cavity = potential space b/w

61

Membranes

Heart is w/in mediastinum

– Covered directly by visceral pericardium

– Parietal pericardium – outside of visceral pericardium

– Pericardial cavity - potential space b/w membranes

– Refresher:

Peri = around

Cardi = heart

Pariet = wall

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Membranes

w/in Abdominopelvic cavity:

– Parietal peritoneum – lines wall

– Visceral peritoneum - covers organs

– Peritoneal cavity – potential space

Refresher:

– Peri = around

– Pariet = wall

– Abdomen = belly

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Homeostasis

Condition of stable internal environment

–biological balance

Homeo = unchanging

Stasis = standing still

64

Homeostatic Mechanisms

(Systems)Self regulating

control systems

–Nervous and endocrine systems

Carry information

– Electrical

– Chemical

65

Components of Homeostatic

System

1) Receptor

2) Set Point (Control Center)

3) Effector

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3 Components

1) Receptor–Provides info about

stimuli -Changes in the

environment that trigger response

Afferent pathway– Information highway

–Receptor control center

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3 Components

2) Set Point (Control Center)

Determines level for variable

Analyzes information

Determines response

Ex: 98.6°F = body temp

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3 Components

3)Effector

–Means for response

– Influence the stimulus

Efferent pathway

– Information highway

–Control center effector

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Homeostatic Controls

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

Homeostasis

70

Response to Homeostatic Controls

Negative feedback

– Most homeostatic sytems

– Net effect = shut off or decrease stimulus

Like a furnace thermostat

Examples

– Body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

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Negative Feedback Loop

72

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Response to Homeostatic Controls

Positive feedback

Rare in body

– Ex:

Child birth

Blood clotting

Net effect to increase stimulus

Away from set point

74

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of balance

Injury

Disease

Aging

–Organs less efficient

–Conditions less stable

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