THIRD GRADEINTERACTIVE NOTEBOOK

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Matter............................................................................................5Chapter 2 Water Cycle...................................................................................9Chapter 3 Simple Machines..........................................................................15Chapter 4 Animal Adaptations.....................................................................25Chapter 5 Food Chains.................................................................................33Chapter 6 Habitats.......................................................................................37Chapter 7 Survival of Organisms..................................................................45Chapter 8 Natural Cycles.............................................................................51Chapter 9 Soil..............................................................................................59Chapter 10 Energy.......................................................................................63Chapter 11 Geography.................................................................................71Chapter 12 Ancient Greece..........................................................................77Chapter 13 Ancient Rome............................................................................81Chapter 14 Ancient Mali...............................................................................85Chapter 15 European Explorers...................................................................91Chapter 16 Economics.................................................................................97Chapter 17 Government............................................................................105Chapter 18 Famous Americans..................................................................113

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SCIENCE

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Chapter 1Matter

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Describing Matter (SOL 3.3)What makes up the world around us? People have asked this interesting question for thousands of years. Scientists know that everything is made of matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. The amount of space an object takes up is called its volume. Both living and non-living things are made of matter. Everywhere you look, you will see different kinds of matter.

We describe and classify the many types of matter by their physical properties. A physical property is a characteristic or trait that can be observed using the five senses. An object’s physical properties include its size, color, smell, or texture, for example. We also describe matter by taking measurements such as volume, length, or weight. Weight tells us an object’s mass, or how much matter it contains.

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Changing Matter (SOL 3.3)Different materials each have their own unique physical properties. We can change some physical properties of an object, like its size or shape. But when we do this, other physical properties stay the same. Think about breaking off a chunk of a chocolate bar. The little piece tastes, smells, and looks the same as the entire candy bar.

What happens when we combine different kinds of matter? This forms a mixture, but the physical properties of each material stay the same. Sometimes we can see all the parts that make up a mixture, like when we mix cereal and milk. A special kind of mixture called a solution occurs when one material dissolves into the other. It breaks down into such small parts that it mixes evenly and we cannot see the separate materials. This happens when we add powdered drink mix to water, for instance.

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States of Matter (SOL 3.3)There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. A solid has a definite volume and shape. This means that its shape and volume stay the same. A liquid has a definite volume, but it can change its shape. Liquids flow and will take the form of their container. Unlike solids and liquids, a gas expands to fill up the space around it. It does not have a definite shape or a definite volume.

In solids, liquids, and gases, the tiny particles that make up matter do different things. These tiny particles are called molecules. They are made of even smaller bits called atoms. In solids the molecules are close together. Molecules are farther apart in liquids and can move a little. In gases, the molecules are very far apart and move quickly, so a gas can fill the space it is in. That’s why a gas can change volume.

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Chapter 2Water Cycle

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The Water Cycle (SOL 3.9)The water cycle is the never-ending process where water constantly moves between the earth and the atmosphere, or the air around the earth. As water moves through the steps of the water cycle, it changes state and moves from place to place. Earth’s water is renewed and re-used in the water cycle.

The 4 steps of the water cycle are 1. evaporation2. condensation3. precipitation4. accumulation

Evaporation happens when the sun heats liquid water. The liquid evaporates, or turns into a gas called water vapor. The gas rises up into the atmosphere.

Condensation happens when the cold air in the atmosphere condenses the gas back into liquid water drops. The drops start to clump together, forming clouds.

Precipitation happens when the clumps so big, gravity pulls them down. Precipitation can be rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Accumulation is when water that falls to the ground is stored underground as groundwater, or above ground in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

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Water Supply (SOL 3.9)Water covers nearly ¾ of the Earth’s surface, but not all of it is drinkable.

People need clean water to live healthy lives, and so do most plants and animals.

It is important for people to protect water from pollution so that it will be safe for us to drink.

Clean water is a limited resource because there is only so much of it on the Earth.

A watershed is an area of land where all of the water drains to the same location.

If pollution gets into a watershed, everyone who lives near that watershed will be affected by the pollution.

Pollution of water can come from poisons used on plants to kill insects, garbage thrown into water by people, oil leaking from cars, and animal waste.

We must clean these things up to protect our limited amount of clean water.

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Water Conservation (SOL 3.9) Because we only have a limited amount of clean water and it is very difficult to stop pollution completely, we must be careful not to waste water.

Water conservation is when we try not to waste clean water.

The best way to conserve water is to use less water. People can take shorter showers, turn off the water when they wash their hands or brush their teeth, or fix leaky hoses. The easiest thing to do is to turn off water when it is not being used.

Conservation of water can help ensure that supplies of fresh water will be available for everyone, today and tomorrow.

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Chapter 3Simple

Machines

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Work and Machines (3.2)Scientists say that work is done when a force changes the motion of an object. A force is a push or a pull. If the push or pull makes an object move, work has been done. To do work, you need energy. Energy is the ability to do work.

Machines make work easier. When you use a machine, it takes less force to move objects. Machines can change the direction of a force, increase the force, or both. Simple machines are made of just a few pieces. They may have few or no moving parts. The SIX simple machines are the lever, the wheel, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw.

Work is done when ___________________________________________.Force is ____________________________________________________.Machines make work ________________________________.Simple Machines have few or no ___________________________________.

List the 6 simple machines:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Wheel and Axle (3.2)

An important simple machine is the wheel and axle. A straight rod, called an axle, goes through the center hole of a round wheel. The wheel turns around the axle. The wheel and axle is an important part of cars, bikes, and carts. Wheels make it easier to move objects.

A wheel and axle also makes it easier to turn an object. The wheel turns a long distance, but the axle only turns a short distance. This increases the power of the force used. Doorknobs, screwdrivers, and the gears inside clocks and watches are also examples of a wheel and axle.

axle

The Wedge (3.2) 19

A wedge is a simple machine that uses force to separate, split, or push items apart. A wedge is pointed at one end and wider at the other. A wedge is really two inclined planes or triangles, placed back to back. The wedge is part of any tool that cuts or splits, including the ax, scissors, nails, and pins. A door stop is also a wedge. It raises a door to keep it from closing.

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The Screw (3.2)A screw is a simple machine made of an inclined plane (a triangle shape) that has been wrapped around a straight rod. This creates a spiral-shaped edge called the thread. The threads on screws hold objects together tightly. You can find a screw on a drill bit, corkscrew, faucet, jar lid, and the base of a light bulb.

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The Pulley (3.2)A pulley is a simple machine used to lift heavy objects. A pulley uses a wheel and a rope or belt to lift a load. The rope runs through a round groove or track on the wheel. A pulley changes the direction of the force and makes it easier to move a heavy load up or across a long distance. If you pull down on the rope of a pulley, the load goes up. You can find pulleys in curtain rods, tow trucks, window blinds, flag poles, elevators, and cranes.

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The Lever (3.2)

The lever is used to lift or move heavy objects. A lever is a straight bar that moves on a support point. This point is called the fulcrum. Common examples of levers are a shovel, a nutcracker, a seesaw, a crowbar, your elbow, tweezers, and a bottle opener.

All levers have three important parts: the load, the fulcrum, and the force. The load is the object being lifted or moved. The force is the push or pull that moves the lever. The fulcrum is the point where the lever balances. Levers change the direction of the force and increase it. The closer the fulcrum is to the load, the easier it is to lift it.

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The Inclined Plane (3.2)The inclined plane makes it easier to move objects from place to place quickly, safely, and with far less effort. A ramp is an inclined plane. It is a flat surface that is higher at one end. The heavy object travels a longer distance as you push it up the ramp, but it is much easier to move a load up a ramp. A slide, ladder, slope, escalator and stairs are all inclined planes.

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Compound Machines (3.2)When you put two or more simple machines together, you make a compound machine. A wheelbarrow is a compound machine. It is a lever, a straight bar with a fulcrum that carries a load. It also has a wheel and axle. Many complicated machines are formed from the six simple machines.

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Chapter 4Animal

Adaptations

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Animal Needs

What are the basic needs of animals?

All animals need food, water, shelter, and space. If they don’t have enough food or water, they won’t survive.

An animal needs shelter to protect itself and its young. There are many kinds of shelters. Animals will adapt to defend themselves, their shelter, and their young in different ways.

All animals need a certain amount of space to live. If an area is crowded, animals will have trouble meeting their basic life needs.

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Animal Needs

Food

Water

Shelter

Space

Animal Adaptations

What is an adaptation?

An adaptation is a special characteristic that enables an animal to survive in its habitat. A habitat is an animal’s home area or environment. We say that an animal is adapted to its habitat when it can successfully meet its needs in the place where it lives. If the animal has adapted, it will survive and reproduce young with the same traits

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Physical Adaptations

What are physical adaptations?

Physical adaptations are special characteristics of the animal’s body that help it survive in its environment. These traits make it easier for an animal to get food, make a shelter, find a mate, or escape from danger. If a body characteristic helps an animal or gives it an advantage over others, it is a physical adaptation.

Any special body part or physical characteristic can be an adaptation. Different types of claws, tails, teeth, skin, and feet help various animals meet their needs successfully. Some animals have special body parts like fins, wings, and shells. Even things like venom, body markings, and an animal’s ability to run fast are physical adaptations.

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Special Physical Adaptations

What is mimicry?

Mimicry is a special type of physical adaptation. Mimicry is when an animal looks, smells, or sounds like another creature in order to survive. Animal copycats mimic dangerous, poisonous, or bad-tasting animals. Other creatures leave both animals alone – the real danger and the copycat!

What is camouflage?

Camouflage is another special type of physical adaptation. When an animal blends into its surroundings and is hard to see, that animal is camouflaged. Predators can’t see a hidden animal. Camouflage also helps hunters hide and surprise their prey. An animal’s color, size, shape or markings can camouflage it.

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Behavioral Adaptations

Behavioral adaptations are things that an animal does that help it meet its basic life needs. Bees build hives, wolves hunt in groups or packs, and birds sing songs to warn others of danger. These behaviors help each type of animal survive.

Instinct and Learned Behavior

There are two different types of behavioral adaptations: instinct and learned behavior. When an animal is born knowing how to behave or do something, this is called instinct. Spiders automatically know how to build webs and geese know when to fly south in winter by instinct. On the other hand, some animals do things they learn from their parents. For instance, a lion must teach its cub to hunt. In this case hunting is a learned behavior, not an instinct.

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Special Behavioral Adaptations

What is migration?

Migration is when an animal travels to find food and to survive as the seasons change in their environment. Many animals migrate before winter to a warmer place where they can easily find food. They return to their homes in the spring. Migration is a behavioral adaptation, something animals do by instinct. Animals follow the same route on the same schedule each year.

What is hibernation?

Some animals hibernate or sleep through the cold winter. Hibernating animals find or build a warm, safe shelter. They may gather and store food to eat in winter. Like migration, hibernation is a behavioral adaptation. By instinct, animals know when winter is coming and it’s time to hibernate.

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Chapter 5Food Chains

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Food Chains (Science SOL 3.5)A food chain is when living things depend on other living things for survival. It is a food relationship between plants and animals in an environment that give energy to one another. An example of a food chain would be the sun gives energy to the plant, the plant gives energy to the insect, the insect gives energy to the mouse, the mouse gives energy to the snake and the snake gives energy to the hawk.

The food chain begins with producers. Producers are plants that can make their own food. Consumers then eat the producers. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals to get their energy.

There are also decomposers, which are also called recyclers. They break down dead plants and animals into smaller pieces that can be used again by living things to grow. An example of a decomposer is a mushroom, which grows on rotting logs and helps to decompose them (break them down). Producers, consumers and decomposers work together to recycle materials through an ecosystem.

Herbivore, Carnivore, and Omnivore (Science SOL 3.5)A food chain can have different animals (consumers) that eat different kinds of food. Some consumers eat only plants, others eat only animals, and then some eat plants and animals. Each group has a special name.

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An animal that eats only plants is called an herbivore. Herb means plant and vore means eater. Some examples of herbivores are jackrabbits and prairie dogs.

An animal that eats only other animals is called a carnivore. Carnivores do not eat plants. Some examples of carnivores are hawks, snakes, owls and coyotes.

An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an omnivore. Omni means all and vore means eater. An example of an omnivore is a Javelinas, which is a small pig like animal. They eat insects, cacti and other desert plants.

Predator and Prey (Science SOL 3.5)Animals that hunt for food are called predators. The animals that predators eat are called prey. Owls, coyotes and wolves are some examples of predators.

Predators have body parts that allow them to hunt and catch prey. Some have such good eyesight that they can see their prey from far away, such as eagles and hawks. Others can smell their food from far away. Wolves can smell prey that is more than a mile away. Some predators can hear prey before it is seen such as an owl can hear a mouse before it can see one. And some animals, such as lions, use speed to catch their prey.

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Prey depend on predators to help control the population of animals. If no predators existed, the numbers of prey would rise and after the prey ate all the available food many of them would die.

Chapter 6Habitats

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Habitats (Science SOL 3.6)

A habitat is any place where an animal or plant species lives and has adapted to its environment. A habitat is where a population lives. A population is a group of living organisms of the same kind living in the same place at the same time. All of the populations interact and form a community. Plants and animals share limited resources. A habitat has to meet the needs of the organisms within it. Animals in a habitat need food, water, shelter, and space.

There are two main kinds of habitats: dry-land and water-related. The dry-land environments include: deserts, grasslands, forests, and rain forests. The water-related environments include: ponds, marshlands, swamps, streams, rivers, and oceans.

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Dry-land Habitats

Water-related

Habitats

Dry-Land EnvironmentsDeserts

Deserts are very dry areas because they get very little precipitation. Some deserts get both very hot (during the day) and very cold (during the night, when temperatures can drop well below freezing).Some deserts, however, are always cold (for example, the Gobi Desert in Asia). Animals that live in the desert have adaptations to cope with the lack of water, the extreme temperatures, and the shortage of food. Animals that live in the desert include: the armadillo, coyote, rattlesnake, owls, and roadrunner.

Grasslands, Prairies, and SavannahsA grassland is a grassy, windy, partly-dry area with only a few scattered trees growing in the rich soil. In the United States, grassland habitats are called prairies. On the African continent, they are known as savannahs.

The animals that live in grasslands have adapted to dry, windy conditions. There are grazing animals (antelopes, bison), burrowing animals (mice, prairie dogs), and their predators (wolves, lions, cheetahs). Insects are also abundant.

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ForestsA forest is a large piece of land covered with trees and bushes. Coniferous forests are found in the northern regions of the world and they are made up of evergreen trees. Bears, deer, squirrels, and many other animals make their homes in forests.

Rain ForestsRainforests are very thick, warm, wet forests. Rainforests are very important to all of the Earth’s organisms. Much of the Earth’s oxygen is created by plants in the rainforests. These plants are also used to make medicines that fight disease and sickness.

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Layers of the RainforestDifferent animals and plants live in different parts of the rainforest.

The emergent layer is made up of giant trees full of birds and insects.

The canopy is the home of many insects, birds, reptiles, and mammals.

The understory is under the leaves, but over the ground.

The forest floor is covered with many insects.

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Water-Related EnvironmentsPond

Ponds are small, still, shallow pools of water. Ponds do not have salty water like the water in the ocean, because they are formed by fresh water. Ponds support many forms of plant and animal life. Some animals live in the water (fish, crayfish, tadpoles), some live above the water (ducks, insects), and others live in the area surrounding the pond (raccoons, earthworms).

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In the water

Above the water

Surrounding area

Marshlands and Swamps

Marshlands are wetlands in low places near creeks, streams, rivers, and lakes. The water is usually one to six feet deep, and the rich land in marshes supports many kinds of grasses, flowers, and bushes. Some animals live in the water (including fish, crabs, shrimp, tadpoles, insect larvae), some animals live at the surface of the water (like frogs, turtles, beavers), some animals live above the water (like birds, insects, frogs), and other animals live in the spongy areas of land surrounding the swamp (like raccoons, opossums, muskrats, deer, snails, earthworms), using the marsh for feeding, shelter, and/or nesting areas.

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In the water

Surface of the water

Above the water

Surrounding area

Streams and RiversStreams and rivers are made up of surface water finding its way downhill. Streams come together to make rivers, which eventually end up flowing into the oceans. Animals that live in and around the water of streams and rivers include: fish, snakes, frogs, turtles, birds, and insects.

OceansOceans cover three quarters of the Earth's surface and contain almost 97% of the Earth's water supply. The oceans are full of many different types of plant and animal life. The surface water of the oceans provides a home for plankton, which is a very important part of the ocean food chain. Fish, dolphins, sharks, whales, and birds are some of the animals that feed in these waters. As the ocean waters get deeper, the food supply goes down as far as the sunlight. Animals in the deepest parts of the oceans must eat each other to survive.

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Chapter 7Survival of Organisms

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Survival of Organisms: Human Influences

Every organism depends on other organisms to survive. This is called interdependency.

Human actions, such as polluting, can affect the survival of plants and animals.

Conservation is the careful use and preservation of our natural resources.

Resource renewal is a conservation practice in which species are protected. An example would be protecting endangered plants by saving their seeds, growing the seeds indoors, and later putting the new plants back in their natural habitats.

Can you think of some helpful and hurtful ways that people can influence the survival of living organisms in habitats?

Helpful Human Influences Hurtful Human Influences

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Survival of Organisms: Natural Events

Natural events, such as fires, floods, diseases, and erosion, can also affect the survival of plant and animal species.

Fires

Fires can be either a natural or a human caused event. An example of a naturally caused fire is when lightning strikes a tree. An example of a human caused fire is when someone starts a campfire, which gets out of control.

Positive Effects Negative Effects The soil can become more

nutrient-rich after a fire. Scavengers have an increase in

the amount of their food. Predators can have an easier

time finding prey because there is less forest coverage.

Deer will eat the nutrient-rich ash.

Birds will have an increase in food (seeds) and shelter in dead or partly dead trees.

Plants that survive have less competition and will be able to get more sunlight, water, and nutrients.

High heat from fire can cause soil to repel water and cause rain to run off. As the rain runs off, it can cause erosion.

Most large mammals can get away from a fire, but they can have a difficult time finding food afterwards.

Fires can burn down homes, harm animals, and destroy forests.

Disease

Diseases can be spread through the air, water, insects, and bodily fluids (like when you sneeze). They also are spread when areas are unclean.

Positive Effects Negative Effects Disease can help keep

populations from growing too large so there isn’t a scarcity of

The balance between predator and prey can change sometimes leading to changes

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resources. in the food chain.

Floods

Flooding happens during heavy rains, when rivers overflow, when ocean waves come onshore, or when snow melts too fast.

Positive Effects Negative Effects Many fish species depend on

regular flooding to wash wood debris into the water which they use for shelter.

In wetland areas, flooding creates more places for fish to lay eggs. This leads to more food for other animals.

Floods also transport soil and other materials needed for deltas and coastal marshes.

Floods can wash away homes and habitats. They can harm animals, plants, and people.

Erosion

Erosion is when soil is picked up and carried away by water, wind, or other forces.

Positive Effects Negative Effects Erosion can help to create new

habitats like wetlands. Stream banks can be destroyed. Adding sediments to a

waterway can bury water insects and cause fish to

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suffocate. Pollutants are sometimes

carried into the water through run-off.

Habitats can be lost over time.

Cause and Effect in My CommunityName: Date:

Location Cause Effect/s Harmful Helpful

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Chapter 8Natural Cycles

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The Cycle of the Seasons

The Earth revolves around the sun. This means that it travels or orbits in a set path around the sun. The revolution of the Earth takes 365 days, or one year. It also takes one year to complete a cycle of seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall.

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Seasons are caused by Two Things:

The seasons change because the Earth’s axis is tilted or at an angle. Because of this, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun for part of the year. This is summer, when we have long, hot days with lots of bright sunlight. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere points away from the sun. This half of the globe gets less sunlight and it is winter. Winter occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when this part tilts away from the sun and receives less light and heat. The seasons change as the Earth revolves around the sun each year, but we have 4 seasons because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis.

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Day and Night

The Earth rotates or spins on its axis. The Earth’s axis is an imaginary line that runs through the center of our planet, from the North Pole to the South Pole. It takes 24 hours for the Earth to spin around its axis.

We have day and night on Earth because our planet rotates. When it is day, our part of the Earth is facing the sun. The other part of the Earth is in darkness because it is facing away from the sun. It may look like the sun travels around the Earth, but it does not. The sun appears to move across the sky from east to west because our planet is rotating. As the Earth spins, we go from day to night again and again.

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The Phases of the Moon

The moon makes no light of its own. The moonlight that we see is actually sunlight, reflecting off the surface of the moon. The sun shines on half of the moon, and this part is illuminated. The other half is dark because it faces away from the sun.

Because the moon orbits around the Earth, we see different parts of the shining half of the moon each night. The size and shape of the lit portion of the moon changes as the moon travels around the Earth. After the new moon (when we cannot see the moon at all), more and more of the shining surface of the moon becomes visible. We say that the moon is waxing or

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growing. During a full moon, we can see the entire illuminated part of the moon. Then the moon wanes or shrinks until it disappears from sight. It is a new moon, and the cycle starts again.

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The Cycle of High Tide and Low TideThe moon orbits around the Earth. As the moon follows its path around our

planet, the moon’s gravity pulls on the oceans that cover three-fourths of

the planet’s surface.

The pull of the moon’s gravity causes the ocean to rise or get higher in some places. This is called high tide. During high tide, the ocean covers more of a beach as water levels rise. High tide is like a bulge in the oceans. This results in lower water levels in other places, called low tide. The ocean seems to recede from the shore during a low tide.

The tides go up and down twice in a little more than 24 hours: low, high, low, high. There is about six hours between each high tide and each low tide.

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Chapter 9Soil

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Soil is ImportantSoil is important because many plants grow in soil, and it provides

support and nutrients for the plants. Nutrients are materials that plants and animals need to live and grow. Over many years, weather, water, and living things help break down rocks and create soil. This is called weathering. Layers of Soil

There are 3 layers of soil. Topsoil is the upper soil layer. Topsoil is a natural product of subsoil and bedrock. Topsoil is best for plant growth. Subsoil and bedrock are layers of soil under the topsoil that are formed over a long period of time by the action of water. Subsoil and bedrock are not as good for growing plants as is topsoil. Bedrock is mostly rock.

Draw the layers of soil

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Soil provides

Rock, clay, silt, sand, and humus are components of soil. Humus is decayed matter in soil. It adds nutrients to the soil. It is located in the topsoil. Clay contains tiny particles of soil that hold water well. Clay provides nutrients for plants. If there is too much clay, the soil will collect too much water. Sand is made up of small grains of worn-down rock, has few nutrients, and does not hold water well, so if there is too much sand, the soil cannot hold much water. Silt is made up of very small broken pieces of rock. Its particles are larger than clay and smaller than sand.

Soil is a natural resource and should be conserved. A natural resource is something that is provided by nature. Conservation is the act of protecting or taking care of something. Without conserving soil, plants and animals would greatly suffer, including humans.

Soil can be harmed by many things. It can be endangered by human and natural causes. Garbage or waste products that have dangerous chemicals can poison the soil for both plants and humans. Humans can over build in an area causing too much silt and allowing the soil to lose its air and water spaces.

When ThenIf the soil has too much sand

There is too much water in the soil

What are some ways to conserve soil?

1.

2.

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Soil is made up of

3.

4.

Chapter 10Energy

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What is energy?Energy is needed to do work. We use energy from food to move, play,

breathe, think- everything our body does requires energy!All plants and animals also need energy. Animals get their energy like

we do, from the food they eat. Where do plants get their energy?THE SUN! They use the sun to make their own food through

photosynthesis.

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Solar Energy

The sun is the source of almost all energy on the earth. Plants use the sun to make their own food, and animals get their energy from plants.

The sun is the direct source of light energy and thermal energy. We can collect the light from the sun using solar panels and we can

collect the heat or thermal energy from the sun too!

Renewable ResourcesWe can get energy from the sun and from other natural resources like

water, wind, and wood from trees. These sources of energy are called renewable resources. Renewable

means that these resources can be replaced or reused again. The sunlight keeps shining, the wind keeps blowing, water keeps flowing, and we can grow more trees. We can use machines to collect the energy from the sun (light and thermal energy, from the moving forces of wind and water, or from burning wood from trees as fuel.

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Which of these do you think is the best form of energy to use? Why?

Non-renewable ResourcesWe can also get energy from other sources called fossil fuels. These include coal, oil, and natural gas. These fossil fuels come from decayed plants and

animals and they take millions of years to form. These resources are called non-renewable resources. That means that once

they are used up, they are gone and cannot be replaced.

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Renew

able Resources

Non-R

enewable R

esources

SOCIAL STUDIES

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Chapter 11Geography

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Maps & Globes

Maps are flat representations of places.

A globe is a sphere shaped, or round, model of our earth.

We can use maps and globes to locate and find out about different places on Earth.

Maps are used to display information geographically.

Maps, tables, graphs, charts, and pictures are visual aids used to gather, display, and classify geographic information.

Compare maps and globes:

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Maps GlobesBoth

Continents and Oceans

There are seven continents and five oceans located in the world.

The world’s continents are: North America South America Europe Africa Asia Australia Antarctica

An ocean is a large body of salt water. Our Earth’s oceans are:Atlantic OceanPacific OceanIndian OceanArctic OceanSouthern Ocean

Label the oceans and continents.

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Hemispheres and Grid Maps(3.5 & 3.6)

The equator and the prime meridian divide the globe into four hemispheres.

Equator: An imaginary line around the middle of the Earth that divides it into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Prime meridian: An imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

These lines make a grid system on maps and globes. A grid map can help us to find the exact location of a place or region.

Hemisphere: Half of a sphere (globe); created by the prime meridian or the equator.

The four hemispheres are: Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western.

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Parts Of a Map

A. Map title- the name or kind of map.

B. Map legend- a list of shapes and symbols used on a map and what they mean.

C. Compass rose- a symbol that shows direction on a map.

Maps may include a compass rose with the intermediate directions of northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest.

A simple letter-number grid system on maps is used to locate places.

Locate each place on the grid map.

A1: ___________________________

B3: ___________________________

C1: ___________________________

What’s the location using letters and numbers?

Lunch room: ___________________

Kindergarten classroom: _________

Front door: ____________________

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Chapter 12Ancient Greece

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Ancient Greece: Physical and Human Characteristics

Characteristics are different traits.

Physical Characteristics located on land near the Mediterranean Sea located on a peninsula with many islands, mountains, and hills surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea had limited rich soil

Human Characteristics farmers shipbuilders traders

Ways People Adapted to Their Environments They farmed on hillsides Trading took place on the Mediterranean Sea Small, independent communities developed because of the many

mountains.

Ancient Greece: Contributions87

A contribution is the act of giving or doing something. The Greeks made many contributions to our world today.

Architecture

The architects of ancient Greece used columns in the construction of their buildings. Ancient examples, like the Parthenon still exist today.

Ancient Greece Architecture Today

Parthenon

White House U.S. Capitol Building

ArtSculpture and paintings are displayed on buildings.

Government The United States government is based on ideas developed in ancient

Greece. The Greeks created a form of government called direct democracy. A

direct democracy is a government in which people vote to make their own rules and laws.

Greece is known as the birthplace of democracy (government by the people).

SportsThe Olympic Games of today are modeled after the games of ancient Greece.

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Chapter 13Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome: Physical and Human Characteristics

Characteristics are different traits.

Physical Characteristics located on land near the Mediterranean Sea built on many hills A variety of trees grew in ancient Rome located next to a river had limited rich soil

Human Characteristics farmers road builders traders

Ways People Adapted to Their Environments They farmed on hillsides Trading took place on the Mediterranean Sea

Ancient Rome: Contributions

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A contribution is the act of giving or doing something. The Romansmade many contributions to our world today.

Architecture

The architects of ancient Rome used arches in the construction of their buildings. Ancient examples, like the Colosseum and aqueducts still exist today.

Ancient Rome

Colosseum Aqueducts

ArtMosaics, sculpture, and paintings are displayed on buildings.

Mosaic

Government The United States government is based on ideas developed in ancient

Rome. The Romans created a form of government called representative

democracy (republican). Representative democracy is a government in which the people vote for (elect) a smaller group of citizens make the rules and laws for everyone.

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Chapter 14Ancient Mali

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Empire of Mali: Geography and Physical Characteristics

One of the wealthiest and most powerful African empires was Mali. The empire of Mali was located in the western part of Africa.

The empire of Mali consisted of several regions with a variety of different physical characteristics. Physical characteristics are the traits of the land. The northern part of the empire included the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, a dry, flat grassland. In the south, most of the land was savanna, a grassy plateau with some trees and rivers. The southern part even had tropical rainforests!

The different regions of Mali had different types of resources. There were busy salt mines in the desert areas and important gold mines in the rain forests. The savanna had water and soil for farming.

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Empire of Mali: Human Characteristics

The people of Mali had to adapt to the different environments in the empire. Because they lived near sources of salt, people in the desert were salt miners. The people of the savanna were farmers since they had water and good soil. Others worked as gold miners. Because of Mali’s location along trade routes, many citizens of Mali were traders.

Salt was a critical resource for the people of the desert. Salt is important for health and for preserving food. The people of the desert could trade salt for gold to get the things they needed.

The biggest trading centers of Mali were located between the salt mines of the desert and the gold mines of south. Traders in Timbuktu, the biggest trading center in Mali, and other cities often exchanged salt for gold.

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Empire of Mali: Government

The empire of Mali was ruled by rich and powerful kings. The kings of Mali ruled over one of the largest and wealthiest empires in Africa. Since Mali was located at the crossroads of busy trade routes, the kings controlled trade all over West Africa. They had power over who, when, and where trading took place.

The kings of Mali used some of their wealth to improve their empire. They built a famous library and a university in Timbuktu. Scholars traveled from around the world to learn in the legendary city of Timbuktu. Kings also supported skilled craftsmen and artists in Mali.

This university in Timbuktu was built around the year 900. It is built of mud

bricks, like many buildings in Mali.

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Empire of Mali: Oral Tradition

Mali has a rich oral history. Oral history is a set of stories, poems, and songs told aloud and passed down from generation to generation. The stories tell about kings, events, laws, traditions, and beliefs of the people of Mali. The oral history of Mali preserves information about the past.

Skilled storytellers called griots (gree-ohz) had the important job of remembering and re-telling their people’s history. Griots memorized stories, songs, and poems. They also knew laws and facts about the empire. Because of their great knowledge, griots often gave advice to kings and other powerful citizens. Griots also had to pass their knowledge on to the next generation. Thanks to griots, we know the history of the wealthy, powerful African empire of Mali.

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Chapter 15European Explorers

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Christopher Columbus

An explorer is a person who travels seeking new discoveries. Christopher Columbus was an explorer who traveled along the Mediterranean Sea. He was determined to find a western sea route to Asia. He went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Spain to sponsor his journey.

In 1492, Columbus set sail on his journey to Asia with three ships called the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. He discovered a western sea route to America. He named the island that he landed on San Salvador. He is known for discovering the “New World.”

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Juan Ponce de Leon

Juan Ponce De Leon was sponsored by King Ferdinand of Spain. King Ferdinand wanted Ponce De Leon to find him riches and claim land for Spain.

Ponce de Leon traveled to what he thought was an island. He actually landed in Florida in a city that is named St. Augustine. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest city in the United States of America.

Juan Ponce de Leon is known as the first European explorer to land in St. Augustine, Florida and gave Spain claim to Florida.

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Jacque Cartier

King Francis I of France wanted to find a route to asia and colonize a new world. Colonize means to establish a colony for one’s country. The king chose Jacque Cartier to achieve this for him.

Cartier claimed land and established a colony near Quebec, Canada. Cartier also discovered a new body of water known as the St. Lawrence River. He thought it would lead to Asia but it did not.

Jacque Cartier is remembered as the First European explorer to search the area of the St. Lawrence River and to claim land in Canada (near Quebec) for France.

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Christopher Newport

Christopher Newport was an explorer from England. He was sponsored by King James of England, who wanted Newport to find a Western sea route to Asia and establish a colony in the Americas.

Newport discovered what is now known as the James River. He was known as the first man to reach the fall line of the James River. He claimed land along that river and made a colony named Jamestown. Newport searched for a passage to connect him to Asia, but he did not find one. He also made four more voyages to bring people to Jamestown.

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Negative Impacts of ExplorationDue to the European exploration of the western hemisphere Indians suffered in many ways:

Indians were introduced to deadly diseases brought by European sailors

Exploration later led to settlement

The settlements led to relocation of the American Indians from their homeland.

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Chapter 16Economics

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Goods and Services

producers: People who use resources to make goods and/or provide services

consumer: a buyer of goods or services.

goods: Things that people make or use to satisfy needs and wants

services: Activities that satisfy people’s needs and wants

Mr. Solis: I own a factory that makes bicycles.Mrs. Roy: My company sells books and magazines.Mr. Green: I own a shop and give haircuts.Mrs. Chan: My company takes care of pets while they’re on vacation

Which two people provide services?A Mr. Green and Mrs. ChanB Mr. Solis and Mrs. RoyC Mr. Solis and Mr. GreenD Mrs. Roy and Mrs. Chan

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Now you draw an example!

Producer Consumer Goods Service

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Resources (natural; human; and capital)

How do producers use natural, human, and capital resources to produce goods and services?

Resources are used to produce goods and services.

Producers of goods and services are influenced by natural, human, and capital resources

Ancient Greece and Rome had access to the sea (natural resource), so they used their human and capital resources to produce ships (goods), which they used for transportation (service) in trading.

Mali used human and capital resources to mine gold (natural resource).

natural resources: Materials that come directly from nature (e.g., water, soil, wood, coal)

human resources: People working to produce goods and services capital resources: Goods made by people and used to produce other

goods and services (machines, tools, buildings)

Draw an example!Natural resource Human resource Capital Resource

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Scarcity

What is economic scarcity?

Scarcity is the condition that exists when there are not enough resources to satisfy all of the competing uses.

It exists because human wants for goods and services exceed the quantity of goods and services that can be produced from all available resources.

All resources and goods are limited

Resources are scarce; therefore consumers are forced to make choices.

Consumers face scarcity and must make economic choices and lead to opportunity costs.

For example, a consumer with two hours of free time cannot go ice skating for two hours and see a movie. Whatever choice is made, the one given up is the opportunity cost.

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Economic Choice

Why does an economic choice involve giving up something else?

People make choices because they cannot have everything they want.

All choices require giving up something else (opportunity cost).

Economic choice: The choice of or decision among alternatives or possibilities

Opportunity cost: The next best choice that is given up when an economic choice is made

Economic decision-making requires comparing both the opportunity cost and the monetary cost of choices with the benefits.

Examples of Economic choices:

Choices Choice made

Choice given up

(opportunity cost)

Ice cream orpopcorn

Ice cream Popcorn

Toy orfavorite video

Favorite video Toy

Spend now orsave for the future

Spend now

Save for the future

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Specialization

What is specialization? Why do those who specialize have to depend on others? Why do people trade?

People trade for things they need and want but do not have.

Specialization occurs when people focus on the production of selected goods and services.

People and regions often specialize in the production of certain goods and services.

Specialization encourages trade because people want goods and services that they do not have.

People trade when individuals or groups benefit from the trade.

Specialization: Trade:

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Chapter 17Government

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Government: Purpose of Rules

Rules help people to know how they should act or behave. One reason we have rules is to keep people safe and maintain order. Without rules, people would be allowed to hurt others. For example, at school to maintain order we have to raise our hands so not everyone talks at the same time. Another reason we have rules is to protect a person’s property. Rules keep people from taking or destroying things that do not belong to them. Without rules, we would not be able to protect people or their property.

List two rules that you have at home and the reasons why:

Rules at Home: Why you have them:

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Rights and Responsibilities

A community is a place where people live, work, and play. In our community, all people have rights or freedoms. Some examples of rights that people might have in their community would be the right to choose jobs or the freedom to attend a church. We have rules in our communities so that we can protect these rights.

List 1 right that you have, as a citizen in your community:

________________________________________________________

In order to have rights in our communities, people also have to have certain responsibilities. For example, people have the responsibility to take care of themselves, respect other people’s rights, and obey the rules. Without responsibilities, we would not be able to have the rights that we do.

List 1 responsibility that you have, as a member of your community:

_______________________________________________________

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Rules and LawsRules that we follow in our community are called laws. Laws are important rules written and carried out by the government for people to live by. All American citizens have to follow the laws of the United States. Laws help to protect the rights and freedoms that we have as U.S. citizens. We have to be responsible and follow the laws in order to protect those rights.

List 2 laws in your community:

Carry Out Rules and LawsThe second role of our government is to carry out rules and laws. This job is mainly done by police officers. Police officers help to keep us safe by catching people who have broken the law. Without police officers, many people would get away with breaking laws.

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Decide if Laws Have Been BrokenThe third role of our government is to decide if laws have been broken. There are different consequences for breaking the law, just like there are consequences for breaking rules at school. People who break the law sometimes have to pay a fine, get a ticket, or go to jail. There are consequences for breaking the law so that people learn how important it is to follow the laws of our government.

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Basic Principles

The Founders of the United States believed that people have certain natural rights. Natural rights include the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness or property. All persons have natural rights just because they are human beings. Everyone is born with these rights. No one can take these rights away. These natural rights are also called basic principles held by American citizens.

These basic principles are important to American citizens. Life is the right to live without fear of being injured or killed by others. Liberty is the right to be free. Some examples of liberties are the rights to believe what you wish, to speak freely, and to travel wherever you wish to go. Pursuit of happiness is the right to own things such as books, a house, land or a business.

Another basic principle held by American citizens is equality under the law. This means that all people are treated fairly.

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Diversity

America is a land of many people who are from many different ethnic backgrounds. The American people come from diverse ethnic and national origins and are united as Americans by basic American principles.

We are united by the basic principles of a republican form of government and respect for individual rights and freedoms! Those basic principles include individual rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and equality under the law!

Americans show our diversity in many different ways such as the food we eat, the clothing we wear, and the music we listen to.

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Chapter 18Famous

Americans

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Famous Americans

What are some basic principles commonly held by American citizens?

Our basic principles are the right to life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and equality under the law.

Important Vocabulary words:

Community: A place where people live, work, and play

Rules: What people must or must not do

Laws: Important rules written and carried out by the government

Government: A group of people who make rules and laws, carry out rules and laws, and decide if rules and laws have been broken. Governments also protect the rights and property of individuals.

Rules vs. Laws

Rules LawsDon’t run in the hallway Don’t drink and driveDon’t yell out in class Don’t speed

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George WashingtonGeorge Washington was born in Virginia. He was a farmer who became a brave leader of soldiers. He led the fight for our country’s freedom from England and helped to establish our country. George Washington became the first president of the United States. He worked under the new republican form of government. He helped put the basic principles into practice for the new nation. He is known as the “Father of our Country”.

Important Facts about George Washington

Was born in _______________________

He was our ____________________ president

He helped form a ________________________ form of government

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Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was also born in Virginia. He was the third president

of the United States. He wrote the Declaration of Independence, which states that people have certain rights. He was a leader who helped develop the United States.

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Thomas Jefferson

wrote the __________________________

Our ________ president

Believed that people

________________________

Born in __________

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln was another important defender of our basic

principles. As an adult, he became our country’s 16th president. He was the United States President during the Civil War when the country was divided over the issue of equality for all people. He helped free African American slaves. Abraham Lincoln was also known as “Honest Abe”.

Circle all of the facts that were true about Abraham Lincoln

He was a free slave.

He was the 16th

president.

He helped free African American

slaves.

He wrote the Declaration of Independence

.

He believed in equality for

all.

He was president during the

Revolutionary War.

He defended people’s

basic principles.

He was president during the Civil War.

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Rosa ParksRosa Parks was an African American woman who refused to give up

her seat on a public bus as was required by laws many years ago. She helped bring about changes in laws and worked so that all people would have equal rights.

When ThenWhen Rosa Parks refused to give up

her seat

Rosa Parks became an

important person in American

history.

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Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall was a lawyer who defended people at a time when not all people had equal rights. He was the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court.

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Thurgood Marshall

He was a ________________ who helped defend people.

He was the _________ African American to be a ___________________________

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African American minister who worked for equal rights for all people. He led peaceful marches and gave speeches, like his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. He helped bring about changes in laws through peaceful means.

Important Facts about Martin Luther King, Jr. He fought for ___________________________________________

Gave the ________________________________________ speech

Helped change laws through _______________________

means

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Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez was a Mexican American labor leader who worked to

improve conditions for farm workers. He used non-violent methods to fight for the rights of migrant (traveling, seasonal) farm workers in the United States.

Circle all of the facts that were true about Cesar Chavez

He was a free slave.

He helped farm workers.

He helped free African American

slaves.

He wrote the Declaration of Independence

.

He believed in equality for

all.

He was president during the

Revolutionary War.

He defended people’s

basic principles.

He used non-violent

methods to fight for people’s rights.

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Serving Your Community, State, and NationThere are many ways that people can serve their community, state,

and nation. Some examples of ways to serve are; being a volunteer, getting involved in community projects, serving as a government official, joining the military and voting.

Veterans DayVeterans Day is a holiday for the recognition of and respect for

Americans who served in the military. It is observed in November each year.

Memorial DayMemorial Day is a holiday for the recognition and respect for

Americans who died in wars while they were serving our country. It is observed in May each year.

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Vetran's Day Memorial Day