chapter 2

8

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher will give a description regarding translation.

There are principles of translation, translation strategies, and some theories used

in this research.

2.1 Principles of Translation

Some General Principles which are relevant to all translation (taken from

Duff, 1990,pp.10-11):

a. Meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the

original text. Nothing should be arbritrarily added...

Example:

Page/Par.

Source Text Page/Par. Target Text

5/5 “I don’t know why you

read the news, Dad. It

only ticks you off.”

20/3 “Entah kenapa kau masih

membaca koran pagi,

Dad, kalau itu hanya

membuatmu kesal.

(Taken from Meyer’s Eclipse and its translation, Gerhana by Monica Dwi

Chresnayani)

9

Comment:

...the news... in the source text is translated into ...koran pagi... in the Indonesian

language. The translation contains an unnecessary addition that is ...pagi... which

is not stated in the source text. The translation should actually be:

Page/Par.


5/5 “I don’t know why you

read the news, Dad. It

only ticks you off.”

20/3 “Entah kenapa kau masih

membaca koran, Dad,

kalau itu hanya

membuatmu kesal.

...or removed...

Example:

Page/

Par.


4/14 His gun belt was already

slung in place — he

hadn’t felt the need to

wear that to the station

for a few weeks.

19/1 Pistolnya sudah

tergantung di tempat—

sudah berminggu-minggu

Charlie tidak merasa perlu

memakainya lagi.


Chresnayani)

10

Comment:

His gun belt... in the English source text is translated into Pistolnya... in the

Indonesian language. The word ...belt... is removed in the translation which make

different meaning from the source text. The translation should actually be:

Page/Par.


4/14 His gun belt was already

slung in place — he

hadn’t felt the need to

wear that to the station

for a few weeks.

19/1 Sabuk pistolnya sudah

tergantung di tempat—

sudah berminggu-minggu

Charlie tidak merasa perlu

memakainya lagi.

...though occasionally part of the meaning can be ‘transposed’.

Page/Par.


149/6 Hundreds upon hundreds

of owls of every breed

imaginable were nestled

here on perches that rose

right up to the top of the

tower, nearly all of them

asleep...

279/2 Beratus-ratus burung

hantu dari berbagai jenis

yang bisa dibayangkan

bertengger oada tenggeran

berjajar ke atas sampai ke

puncak menara, hampir

semuanya masih tidur...

11

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and its translation by

Srisanti, Harry Potter dan Piala Api)

Comment:

...asleep... is an English adjective and is translated into ...tidur... which is a verb in

Indonesian. Thus, there occurs a transposition in the translation from adjective

into adverb.

Ask yourself

Is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does the

uncertainty lie?

Example:

Page/

Par.


101/2 Occasionally Shumba

and his mother had

taken them there: a tiny,

brown-painted, shedlike

place where you could

(if not a vegetarian,

like Shumba and his

mother) eat large and

delicious cooked

breakfasts, with eggs

105/2 Sesekali, Shumba dan

Ibunya mengajak mereka

ke warung makan kecil

yang mirip pondok dicat

cokelat itu, dan (kalau

bukan vegetarian seperti

Shumba dan Ibunya)

mereka bisa memesan

menu sarapan besar yang

enak, dengan telur dan

12

and bacon piled high... bacon ditumpuk tinggi...

(Taken from Galbraith’s The Cuckoo’s Calling and its translation, Dekut Burung

Kukuk by Siska Yunita)

Comment:

...if not a vegetarian, like Shumba and his mother... in the original text is

unclear as it provides two possible meanings or is ambiguous. These possible

meanings are:

1. ...if not a vegetarian, like Shumba and his mother who are vegetarians...

2. ...if not a vegetarian, like Shumba and his mother who are also not

vegetarians...

So, it is unclear whether Shumba and his mother are vegetarians or not.

Are any words ‘loaded’, that is, are there any underlying

implications?

Example:

Page/Par.


44/7 I made my way to

English in a daze. I didn't

even realize when I first

walked in that class had

already started.

97/1 Aku berjalan menuju

kelas bahasa Inggris

dengan setengah

melamun. Aku bahkan

tidak menyadari ketika

13

"Thank you for joining

us, Miss Swan," Mr.

Mason said in a

disparaging tone.

aku sampai, pelajaran

sudah dimulai.

“Terima kasih sudah

datang, Miss Swan,”

sindir Mr. Mason.

(Taken from Meyer’s Twilight and its translation, Twilight by Lily Devita Sari)

Comment:

“Thank you for joining us, Miss Swan,” is translated into “Terima kasih sudah

datang, Miss Swan,” in Indonesian. The utterance has an underlying implication,

as in the story Mr. Mason who is a teacher does not really thank his coming late

student; he said so for disparaging instead.

Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable

one?

Example:

Page/Par.


3/9 The fight that had

followed had been one of

the worst ever.

13/5 Kemarahan yang

menyusul merupakan

salah satu yang terburuk

yang dialami Harry.

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and its translation,

Harry potter dan Piala Api by Listiana Srisanti)

14

Comment:

There are three meanings of the word ...fight... in the English-Indonesian

dictionary: 1. Perkelahian, 2. Pertarungan, 3. Pertengkaran. However, those

meanings are not suitable when it is related to the context. Therefore, the

translator used another word Kemarahan... which is more suitable in the

Indonesian language.

Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced? For

example:

Page/Par.


12/4 “Well that’s pretty . . .

that’s something.

33/4 “Well, itu sangat...

sesuatu.

(Taken from Meyer’s Eclipse and its translation Gerhana by Monica D. C.)

Comment:

...something is translated into ...sesuatu in Indonesian, however the sentence

sounds unnatural and forced. The translation should actually be as follows so that

it sounds natural in the target language:

Page/Par.


12/4 “Well that’s pretty . . .

that’s something.

33/4 “Well, itu sangat... hebat

sekali.

15

b. Form. The ordering words and ideas in the translation should match the

original as closely as possible.

.....................................................................................................................

.But differences in language structure often require changes in the form

and order of words.

Example:

Page/Par.


84/16 "Oh, stood over there,

did they?" said Mr.

Crouch, turning his

popping eyes on

Hermione now,

disbelief etched all over

his face.

164/7 “Oh, berdiri di sana ya?”

kata Mr Crouch,

mengalihkan matanya yang

mendelik kepada Hermione

sekarang, wajahnya diliputi

ketidakpercayaan.


Harry Potter dan Piala Api by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

In the English source text, ...disbelief... is in the middle beginning of the part of

the sentence ...disbelief etched all over his face, and when it is translated into

Indonesian, ...ketidakpercayaan... is at the back of the part of the

16

sentence ...wajahnya diliputi ketidapercayaan. Thus, there occurs a change of

words order in the Indonesian translation.

c. Register. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a

given context…. To resolve these differences, the translator must

distinguish between formal or fixed expressions (Dear Madam,) and

personal expressions (Hi,), in which the writer or the speaker sets the tone.

Consider also:

Would any expression in the original sound too formal/informal,

cold/warm, personal/impersonal… if translated literally?

Page/Par.


421/9 His frame seemed to

double in mass, and a

haunting fierceness

crept into his eyes.

667/5 Massa tubuhnya tampak

berkembang dua kali

lipat, dan kekejaman

mengerikan merayapi

matanya.

(Taken from Brown’s The Lost Symbol and its translation, The Lost Symbol by

Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno)

Comment:

In English, the word ...mass... has two definitions, i.e. 1) a large amount of a

substance that does not have a definite shape or form, and 2) a large number of

people or things grouped together (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). In the

17

sentence above, ...mass... refers to the first definition and is translated into

Massa... to suit the context in Indonesian.

Example of informal:

Page/Par. Source Text Page/Par. Target Text

318/8 "Blimey, this is heavy,"

said Lee Jordan, picking

up the golden egg, which

Harry had left on a table,

and weighing it in his

hands.

442/4 “Ampun deh, berat

amat,” kata Lee Jordan,

mengangkat telur emas

yang diletakkan Harry di

atas meja, dan

menimangnya.



Comment:

Blimey... is an English informal expression and is translated into Ampun deh...

which is also informal in the Indonesian language.

What is the intention of the speaker or writer? (To persuade/dissuade,

apologize/criticize?) Does this come through in the translation?

Example of persuade:

Page/Par.


133/6 “You are the Potter boy,”

he said. “You had better

get back to Hagrid. The

275/1 “Kau Harry Potter,”

katanya. “Sebaiknya kau

kembali pada Hagrid.

18

forest is not safe at this

time — especially for

you. Can you ride? It will

be quicker this way.”

Hutan tidak aman pada

saat ini—terutama

untukmu. Kau bisa naik

kuda? Supaya lebih

cepat.”

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone and its translation,

Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

You had better get back to Hagrid is an expression that indicates persuasion,

and it is translated into Sebaiknya kau kembali pada Hagrid in Indonesian.

Example of dissuade:

Page/

Par.


49/9 Ming scowled. “You

had better not be

stealing that!”

“Relax,” Corky said.

“We’ve got eight

tons more where

this came from.”

142/6 Ming berkata dengan

nada tidak senang,

"Sebaiknya kau tidak

mencurinya!"

"Tenang," kata Corky.

"Toh, kita masih punya

delapan ton lagi di dalam

sana."

19



Comment:

The utterance You had better not be stealing that! is intended to dissuade

someone not to do something, and it is translated into Sebaiknya kau tidak

mencurinya! in the Indonesian language.

Example of apologize:

Page/Par.


97/5 “I apologize for being

such a monster.” She

grinned. “I’ll try to

behave myself from now

on.”

191/4 “Maaf kalau selama ini

sikapku sangat buruk.”

Rosalie menyeringai.

“Aku akan berusaha

memperbaiki sikap mulai

sekarang.

(Taken from Meyer’s Eclipse and its translation, Gerhana by Monica Dwi C.)

Comment:

The utterance I apologize for being such a monster is meant to apologize and is

translated into Maaf kalau selama ini sikapku sangat buruk in Indonesian.

Example of criticize:

20

Page/Par.


7/18 “I don’t think you

should dump all your

other friends for your

boyfriend, Bella,” he

said in a stern voice. “It’s

not nice, and I think

your life would be better

balanced if you kept

some other people in it.

25/2 “Menurutku, tidak

seharusnya kau

melupakan semua

temanmu hanya karena

kau sudah punya pacar,

Bella,” kata Charlie tegas.

“Itu tidak baik, dan

kurasa hidupmu akan

lebih seimbang kalau

kau juga berhubungan

dengan orang-orang

lain.



Comment:

I don’t think you should dump all your other friends for your boyfriend,

Bella is translated into Menurutku, tidak seharusnya kau melupakan semua

temanmu hanya karena kau sudah punya pacar, Bella which is a critisism, and

this critisism is emphasized by the sentence It’s not nice, and I think your life

would be better balanced if you kept some other people in it which is

translated into Itu tidak baik, dan kurasa hidupmu akan lebih seimbang kalau

kau juga berhubungan dengan orang-orang lain in Indonesian.

21

d. Source language influence. One of the most criticisms of translation is

that ‘it doesn’t sound natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and

choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text.

Example:

Page/Par.


4/14 “Ha. Good one.” He

shrugged out of the

jacket as if my glance

had reminded him he

still had it on...

18/9 “Ha. Lucu juga.” Charlie

melepas jaketnya seolah-

olah lirikanku tadi

mengingatkannya bahwa ia

masih mengenakan jaket...


Comment:

Good one is translated into Lucu juga as if it is translated literally, it becomes

Bagus satu which sounds unnatural in Indonesian. Thus, the translator translated it

into Lucu juga to make it sound natural in the Indonesian language.

e. Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the

original. For example:

Page/Par.


285/7 ...many of the giants who

served He-Who-Must-

Not-Be-Named were

529/3 ...banyak dari raksasa

yang mengabdi dia yang

namanya tak boleh

22

killed by Aurors working

against the Dark Side,

Fridwulfa was not among

them.

disebut dibunuh oleh para

auror yang bekerja

melawan pihak Hitam,

Fridwulfa tidak termasuk

di antaranya.

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and its

translation, Harry Potter dan Piala Api by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

...He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named... is translated into ...dia yang namanya tak

boleh disebut... in Indonesian, however the translation changes the style of the

original text. Thus, it should be as follows:

Page/

Par.


285/7 ...many of the giants who

served He-Who-Must-

Not-Be-Named were

killed by Aurors...

529/3 ...banyak dari raksasa

yang mengabdi Dia-

Yang-Namanya-Tak-

Boleh-Disebut dibunuh

oleh para auror...

23

f. Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These

includes similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold),

jargon, slang, and colloquialisms (user-friendly, Big Mac, etc.), and

English phrasal verbs. If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try

one of the following:

Retain the original word, in inverted commas: ‘user-friendly’.

Page/Par.

Source Text Target Text

53/3 The big launch. The leap. The

grand jeté.

Peluncuran besar itu. Lompatan

yang tinggi itu. ‘Grand jeté’ itu.

(Taken from researcher’s data number 359)

Comment:

The word ...grand jeté is retained and put in inverted commas in the Indonesian

translation into ‘Grand jeté’... because it is untranslatable.

Retain the original expressions, with a literal explanation in

brackets.

Example:

Page/Par.


13/8 They were Muggles who

hated and despised magic

in any form, which meant

32/3 Mereka Muggle (bukan

penyihir) dan membenci

serta memandang rendah

24

that Harry was about as

welcome in their house as

dry rot.

sihir dalam segala bentuk,

yang berarti di rumah

mereka Harry hanya

dianggap sebagai duri

dalam daging.



Comment:

...Muggle... is a colloquialism in the Harry Potter’s magical world to refer to those

who are not wizards or witches, and in the Indonesian translation, the term

...Muggle... is retained but the translator gives more explanation about the term in

brackets, so it becomes ...Muggle (bukan penyihir)...

Use a close equivalent. For example:

Page/Par.


13/8 They were Muggles who

hated and despised magic

in any form, which meant

that Harry was about as

welcome in their house as

a dry rot.

32/3 Mereka Muggle (bukan

penyihir) dan membenci

serta memandang rendah

sihir dalam segala bentuk,

yang berarti di rumah

mereka Harry hanya

dianggap sebagai duri

25

dalam daging.



Comment:

The source text uses a metaphor ...a dry rot... to refer to Harry Potter in the

Dursley’s house and it is translated by using a close equivalent ...duri dalam

daging... in the Indonesian language.

Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation. For example:

Page/Par.


102/9 "I had to come into the

office early to send a

couple of owls, and I

found the Improper Use

of Magic lot all setting

off -- if Rita Skeeter gets

hold of this one, Arthur

--"

197/6 “Aku harus ke kantor

pagi-pagi untuk mengirim

dua burung hantu dan

ternyata orang-orang

Penggunaan Sihir yang

Tidak Pada Tempatnya

sedang heboh... kalau Rita

Skeeter sampai dengar

soal ini, Arthur...”



Comment:

26

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, ...get hold of something...

is an idiom which means to find something that you want or need. It belongs to

the idiomatic expressions and is translated into a non idiomatic expression in

Indonesian into ...dengar...

2.2 Translation Strategies

Strategies used to solve problems that are commonly encountered in a text

(taken and adopted from Chesterman, 2000, p.87-116, Memes of Translation):

A. Syntactic Strategies (manipulate the form), such as:

a. Literal translation. I define this rather loosely, as meaning “maximally

close to the SL form, but nevertheless grammatical”.

Example:


24/2 "MARGE!" yelled

Uncle Vernon and Aunt

Petunia together...

44/5 “MARGE!” teriak

Paman Vernon dan Bibi

Petunia bersamaan...

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and its

translation, Harry Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

27

"MARGE!" yelled Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia together... is translated

literally into “MARGE!” teriak Paman Vernon dan Bibi Petunia bersamaan...

in the Indonesian language.

b. Loan, calque. This strategy covers both borrowing of individual items

and the borrowing of syntagma. Like other strategies, it refers to a

deliberate choice, not the unconscious influence of undesired

interference.

Example of Loan:


10/5 Harry just had time to

register its handsome

green cover, emblazoned

with the golden title The

Monster Book of

Monsters...

24/4 Harry masih sempat

melihat sampulnya yang

keren berwarna hijau,

dihiasi judul emas besar:

Buku Monster tentang

Monster...



Comment:

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word ...Monster...

refers to an imaginary creature that is very ugly and frightening and it is retained

as ...Monster... in Indonesian.

28

Example of calque:

Page/Par. Source Text Page/Par.

Target Text

2/4 ...he knew a lot of things

Harry didn't, but had

never used a telephone

before.

12/3 ...dia tahu banyak hal yang

tidak diketahui Harry,

tetapi belum pernah

menggunakan telepon.



Comment:

The English word ...telephone... is adopted into ...telepon... in Indonesian. There

is a change in the fourth syllable of the spelling from p-h-o-n-e into p-o-n.

c. Transposition. I use this term (from Vinay and Darbelnet) to mean any

change of word-class, e.g. from noun to verb, adjective to adverb.

Normally, this strategy obviously involves structural changes as well, but

it is often useful to isolate the word-class change as being of interest in

itself.

Example of transposition from noun into verb:


29

54/12 “Haven’t you noticed yet,

Bella, that Edward is just

the teeniest bit prone to

overreaction?”

110/6 “Kau belum sadar juga

ya, Bella, Edward

memang cenderung

bereaksi berlebihan.”

(Taken from Meyer’s Eclipse and its translation, Gerhana by Monica D. C.)

Comment:

...overreaction is an English noun and is translated into ...bereaksi berlebihan

which is a verb in Indonesian.

d. Unit shift. The units are morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, and

paragraph). A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different

unit in the TT.

Example:


23/3 “Is it naptime already,

Alice?” Edward teased.

54/1 “Memangnya sekarang

sudah waktunya tidur

siang, Alice?” goda

Edward.

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and its

translation by Srisanti, Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia)

Comment:

...naptime... is a noun pand is translated into ...waktunya tidur siang... which is a

phrase in Indonesian.

30

e. Phrase structure change. This strategy (or rather group of strategies)

comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including

number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person,

tense and mood in the verb phrase.

Example of modification in the noun phrase:


Target Text

11/9 I could only dimly

imagine the Herculean

effort behind this simple

gesture.

31/4 Samar-samar aku hanya

bisa membayangkan

betapa luar biasa usaha

Edward menahan diri di

balik tindakan yang

sederhana ini.


Comment:

The noun phrase ...the Herculean effort... is modified into ...betapa luar biasa

usaha Edward menahan diri... in the Indonesian language.

f. Clause structure change. ...changes that have to do with the structure of

the clause in terms of its constituent phrases. Various subclasses include

constituent order (analyzed simply as subject, verb, object, compliment,

31

and adverbial), active versus passive voice, finite versus nonfinite

structure, and transitive versus intransitive.

Example of active versus passive voice:


9/2 I hope it's not too long --

it's two rolls of

parchment more than

Professor Binns asked

for.

22/2 Kuharap karanganku tidak

kepanjangan, sudah dua

gulung perkamen lebih

panjang daripada yang

diminta Profesor Binns.



Comment:

The active verb …Professor Binns asked for… in the source text is translated into

passive verb …diminta Profesor Binns… in the target text.

g. Sentence structure change. This group of strategies affects the structure

of the sentence-unit, insofar as it is made up of clause-units. Included are

changes between main-clause and sub-clause status, changes of sub-

clause types, etc. For example:

Page/Par. Source Text Page/

Par.

Target Text

2/1 To their fury, they had 11/1 Betapa marahnya mereka

32

been unsuccessful. These

days they lived in terror

of anyone finding out that

Harry had spent most of

the last two years at

Hogwarts School of

Witchcraft and Wizardry.

karena mereka gagal, dan

sekarang hidup dalam

ketakutan kalau-kalau

sampai ada yang tahu

bahwa Harry telah

melewatkan dua tahun

terakhir di Sekolah Sihir

Hogwarts.



Comment:

In the original text, there are two sentences, however the translator combined the

two sentences and put it in one sentence by inserting the coordinator ...dan...

(and).

h. Cohesion change. A cohesion change is something that affects intra-

textual reference, ellipsis, substitution, pronominalization and repetition,

or the use of connectors of various kinds.

Example of substitution:

Page/Par.


3/5 The jar of spaghetti sauce

Charlie’d stuck in the

microwave was only on

17/4 Stoples berisi saus spageti

yang dimasukkan Charlie

ke microwave baru

33

its first revolution when I

yanked the door open and

pulled it out.

berputar sekali waktu aku

menyentakkan pintunya

hingga terbuka dan

mengeluarkan stoples itu.


Comment:

The English pronoun ...it... in source text refers to the jar being talked about, so it

is translated to ...stoples... in order to make clear what ‘it’ refers to and also to

avoid ambiguity.

i. Level shift. Chesterman stated about level shift “By levels I mean

phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis. In a level of shift, the mode of

expression of a particular item is shifted from one level to another”.

Example:

Page Source Text Page Target Text

108 “Now, I wanted a quick

talk with you all before we

actually get onto the

field,...”

135 “Nah, aku ingin bicara

sebentar dengan kalian

sebelum kita ke

lapangan,...”

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret and its

translation by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

34

The word Now... in the ST is classified as an adverb which is explain about the

time. It is translated into Nah... in the TT. According to KBBI nah is “kata seru

untuk menyudahi (menukas, menyimpulkan, dsb) perkataan atau jalan pikiran”.

Thus there is a level shift occurs in this translation which refers to the lexis of

both languages.

j. Scheme change. Scheme change strategies refers to rhetorical schemata,

such as parallelism, alliteration and, in poetry, metrical rhythm and

rhyming. Parallelism refers to the similar arrangement of a pair or series

of relayed words, phrases or sentences, while alteration refers to the fact

that several words in a row begin with the same letter.

Example of parallelism:


101 The moment the cover had

been removed, they had

started jabbering and

rocketing around, rattling

the bars and making

bizarre faces at the

people nearest them.

128 Begitu selubungnya dibuka,

mereka mulai mengoceh

dan meluncur ke sana

kemari, menggoyang-

goyang jeruji sangkar, dan

mengernyit-ngernyitkan

muka ke anak-anak yang

ada di dekat mereka.



35

Comment:

The English words ...jabbering and rocketing..., rattling… and making bizarre

faces... is translated into ...mengoceh dan meluncur..., menggoyang-goyang...,

dan mengernyit-ngernyitkan muka... in Indonesian which is parallelism.

B. Semantic Strategies (manipulate the meaning), such as:

a. Synonymy. This strategy selects not the “obvious” equivalent but a

synonym or near synonym to avoid repetition.

Example:

Source Text Target Text

“If that’s the best Rita can do, she’s

losing her touch,” said Hermione...

“Kalau ini yang terbaik yang bisa

dilakukan Rita, dia kehilangan

sentuhannya,” kata Hermione...

“There’s something funny, though,”

said Hermione ten

minutes later... (p. 513)

“Tapi ada yang aneh,” celetuk

Hermione sepuluh menit kemudian...

(p. 616)

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and its translation

by Srisanti, Harry Potter dan Piala Api)

Comment:

The Indonesian translation uses two near synonyms (kata, celetuk) for the English

word ...said... to avoid repetition.

b. Antonomy. The translation selects an antonym and combines this with a

negation element. For example:

36


44/13 Disappointment flooded

through me as my eyes

unerringly focused on his

table. The other four were

there, but he was absent.

98/3 Kekecewaan

menyergapku ketika

pandanganku tertuju ke

mejanya. Keempat

saudaranya ada di sana,

tapi ia tidak ada.

(Taken from Meyer’s Twilight and its translation Twilight by Lily Devita Sari)

Comment:

The word ...absent in the English source text is translated into its antonym, that

is ...tidak ada... by giving the negation element tidak in the Indonesian language.

c. Hyponomy. Shifts within the hyponymy relation are common. In

principle, this strategy comes in three subclases, that are:

(1) ST subordinate => TT hyponym, for example:

Page/Par.


5/3 He'd already gotten me

registered for high school

and was going to help me

17/2 Ia sudah mendaftarkanku

ke SMA dan akan

membantuku mendapatkan

37

get a car. kendaraan pribadi.


Comment:

...a car which is a kind of vehicle is translated into its hyponym ...kendaraan... in

Indonesian.

(2) ST hyponym => ST subordinate, for example:


133 “...cakes, burned charcoal-

black, were heaped on

salvers...”

166 “...kue bolu yang hangus

jadi arang bertumpuk di

atas piring...”


translation, Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia by Listiana Srisanti)

Comment:

The word ...cakes... is a hyponym in the source text and it is translated into ...kue

bolu... which belongs to a superordinate in the target text.

...and (3) ST hyponym X => TT hyponym Y. For example:

Page/Par.


73/10 Everything changed

color — the waves

146/10 Segala sesuatu berubah

warna—ombak berubah

38

turned from gray to blue,

the trees from dull olive

to brilliant jade...

warna dari kelabu jadi

biru, pepohonan dari hijau

zaitun kusam menjadi

hijau zamrud cemerlang...

(Taken from Meyer’s Eclipse and its translation, Gerhana by Monica D. C.)

Comment:

...colour... is a hyponym and it is translated into ...warna... which is also a

hyponym.

d. Converses. Converses are pairs of (usually) verbal structures which

express the same state of affairs from opening viewpoints. For example:


15/9 The look on his face must

have been about another

aggravation entirely.

39/6 Raut wajahnya tadi pasti

karena ia sedang jengkel

semata.


Comment:

In the sentence above, the English word …entirely is translated into …semata in

the Indonesian which express the same state of affairs from opposing viewpoint.

e. Abstraction change. A different selection of abstraction level may either

move from abstract to more concrete or from concrete to more abstract.

For example:

39

Page/Par.

Source Text Page/Par.

Target Text

13/11 I let my hair fall over my

right shoulder, making a

dark curtain between us,

and tried to pay attention

to the teacher.

36/2 Kubiarkan rambutku

tergerai di bahu kanan,

sebagai penghalang di

antara kami, dan mencoba

berkonsentrasi pada

pelajaran.

(Taken from Meyer’s Twilight, and its translation, Twilight by Lily Devita Sari)

Comment:

...the teacher which is concrete is translated into ...pelajaran which is abstract in

Indonesian.

f. Distribution change. This is a change in the distribution of the “same”

semantic components over more items (expansion) or fewer items

(compression). Expansion “dilutes” the text somewhat.

Example of expansion:


6/7 “Responsible,” I repeated 22/2 “Tanggung jawab apa,”

40

scathingly, rolling my

eyes.

sergahku sengit, memutar

bola mata.


Chresnayani)

Comment:

Responsible consists of one word and is translated into three words in Indonesian

Tanggung jawab apa.

Example of compression:


3/1 Harry's dead parents, who

had been a witch and

wizard themselves, were

never mentioned under

the Dursleys' roof ...

11/1 Orangtua Harry yang

sudah meninggal,

keduanya penyihir, tak

pernah disebut di bawah

atap keluarga Dursley...



Comment:

...who had been a witch and wizard themselves... consists of eight words and is

translated into two words in Indonesian ...keduanya penyihir...

g. Emphasis change. This strategy adds to, reduces or alters the emphasis

or thematic focus, for one reason or another.

Example:

41


46/4 Behind his smile, the

warning was real.

100/16 Di balik senyumnya

peringatan itu tampak

sangat nyata.



Comment:

...real is translated into ...sangat nyata in Indonesian. There is an emphasis

change in the translation by the word ...sangat... which is not explicit in the source

text.

h. Paraphrase. This strategy results in a TT version that can be described

as loose, free, in some contexts even under-translated. This is a typical

strategy for the translation of idioms, for instance, for which no

corresponding idiomatic expression can be found in the TL.

Example:


4/6 ...another unusual thing

about Harry was how

little he looked forward

to his birthdays.

14/5 Satu hal istimewa lain

tentang Harry adalah, dia

tak pernah menunggu-

nunggu datangnya hari

ulang tahunnya.

42



Comment:

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, ...look forward to

(something)... is a phrasal verb which means to be thinking with pleasure about

something that is going to happen. Phrasal verb belongs to the idiomatic

expressions and it is notoriously untranslatable, so the translator paraphrase it into

...menunggu-nunggu... in Indonesian.

i. Trope change. This strategy, or rather set of strategies, applies in the

translation of rhetorical tropes (i.e. figurative expressions).

Correspondingly, three main subclasses of strategy can be distinguished

here are:

(1) ST trope X = TT trope X. For example:


111/1 ...Harry could see

Hogwarts coming nearer,

its many lighted windows

blurred and shimmering

behind the thick curtain

of rain.

211/1 ...Harry bisa melihat

Hogwarts semakin dekat,

cahaya dari jendela-

jendelanya kabur dan

bergoyang di balik tirai

hujan lebat.



43

Comment:

The metaphor ...the thick curtain of rain is translated into a metaphor ...tirai

hujan lebat in Indonesian.

(2) ST trope X =TT trope Y. Here the general feature of figurativeness

has been retained, but the realization of this feature is different, so that

for instance an ST metaphor might be translated as ne based on a

different tenor, or as some other trope altogether. For example:


27 “…well, it’s no good

crying over spilt

potion...” (p.27

41 “…yah, nasi sudah

menjadi bubur…”

(Taken from Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and its

translation by Srisanti, Harry Potter dan Orde Phoenix)

Comment:

…it’s no good crying over spilt potion… is translated into a proverb in

Indonesian…nasi sudah menjadi bubur … which has similar meaning.

(3) ST trope X = TT trope 0 (none). In this TT the figurative element is

dropped altogether. For example:


105/3 "Yeah, well, Dad collects

plugs, doesn't he?" said

Fred quietly as Mrs.

200/3 “Yeah, Dad mengoleksi

steker listrik, kan?” kata

Fred pelan ketika Mrs.

44

Weasley left the room.

"Birds of a feather..."

Weasley keluar dari

dapur. “Sama

antiknya...”



Comment:

Birds of a feather... is translated nonfiguratively into Sama antiknya... in

Indonesian.

C. Pragmatics Strategy (manipulate the message), such as:

a. Cultural filtering. This strategy is referred to as naturalization,

domestication or adaptation; it describes the way in which the source

language items, especially cultural-specific items, are translated as the

target language cultural or functional equivalents, so that they conform to

the target language norms.

Example of naturalization:


77/1 Not only are you saving

my hands from

154/5 Kau bukan hanya

menyelamatkan tanganku

45

permanent injury, you

also just spared me two

long hours of a plot-less,

badly dubbed martial

arts film.

dari cedera permanen, tapi

kau juga menyelamatkanku

dari keharusan duduk

selama dua jam penuh,

menonton film silat yang

tidak ada plotnya dan yang

dubbing-nya buruk sekali.


Chresnayani)

Comment:

The word ...martial arts... in the English source text means any of the fighting

sports that include judo and karate (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) and

is translated into ...silat... in Indonesian as ...silat... is a traditional self-defence

arts in Indonesian which is cultural.

Example of domestication:


51/3 "I was taking her to the

nurse," Mike explained

in a defensive tone, "but

she wouldn't go any

farther."

109/5 “Aku sedang

membawanya ke UKS,”

Mike menjelaskan dengan

nada defensif, “tapi dia tak

bisa berjalan lebih jauh

lagi.”

46


Comment:

The term ...the nurse is translated into ...UKS which stands for Unit Kesehatan

Sekolah as it is a term used in Indonesian schools to refer to a place where the

students who feel unhealthy are taken care.

Example of adaptation:


4/5 It was seventy-five

degrees in Phoenix, the

sky a perfect, cloudless

blue.

15/1 Suhu kota Phoenix 23˚C

langit cerah, biru tanpa

awan.


Comment:

...seventy-five degree... is translated into ...23˚C... in Indonesian since Indonesian

people commonly use Celcius rather than Fahrenheit to measure a temperature.

Therefore, the translator translated it into ...23˚C... to make the target text readers

understand and can imagine the situation.

b. Explicitness change. This change is either towards more explicitness

(explicitation) or more implicitness (implicitation). Explicitation is well

known to be one of the most common translatorial strategies. It refers to

the way in which translators add componenets explicitly in the TT which

are only implicit in the ST.

47

Example:


3/9 The fight that had

followed had been one of

the worst ever.

13/5 Kemarahan yang

menyusul merupakan

salah satu yang terburuk

yang dialami Harry.


translation by Srisanti, Harry Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban)

Comment:

...one of the worst ever should actually be ...one of the worst of what Harry

had experienced ever; the words ...of what Harry had experienced... is implicit in

the source text. The translation is ...salah satu yang terburuk yang dialami Harry

of which ...yang dialami Harry which is the translation of ...of what Harry had

experienced... is explicitly written; so, there occurs an explicitness change in the

translation.

Implicitation is the opposite change: bearing in mind what the readers

can be reasonably expected to infer, the translator leaves some elements

of the message implicit.

Example:


6/3 Remembering their last

meeting as he stood at

16/2 Mengenang

pertemuannya yang

48

the dark window, Harry

had to admit he was

lucky even to have

reached his thirteenth

birthday.

terakhir dengan

Voldemort, Harry harus

mengakui dia beruntung

bisa mencapai ulang

tahunnya yang ketiga

belas.



Comment:

Mengenang pertemuannya yang terakhir dengan Voldemort... should actually

be Mengenang pertemuannya yang terakhir dengan Voldemort ketika ia berdiri

di depan jendela. The translation of ...as he stood at the dark window... is left

implicit in the target text. Thus, there occurs an implicitation in the translation.

c. Information change. By this (information change) I (Chesterman) mean

either the addition of new (non-inferrable) information which is deemed

to be relevant to the TT readership but which is not present in the ST, or

the omission of ST information deemed to be irrelevant....

Example:


Target Text

40/2 Harry ate breakfast each

morning in the Leaky

68/2 Harry sarapan setiap pagi

di Leaky Cauldron. Dia

49

Cauldron, where he liked

watching the other

guests: ... raucous

dwarfs; and once, what

looked suspiciously like

a hag, who ordered a

plate of raw liver from

behind a thick woollen

balaclava.

senang mengawasi tamu-

tamu lainnya: ...kurcaci

bersuara serak, dan sekali

bahkan nenek sihir

mencurigakan yang

memesan sepiring hati

mentah dari balik

balaclava—topi rajutan

wol tebal yang menutupi

kepala dan lehernya.



Comment:

The word ...balaclava... is not common in Indonesian, hence the translator gave

more relevant information about the word in the target text ...balaclava—topi

rajutan wol tebal yang menutupi kepala dan lehernya.

d. Interpersonal change. This strategy effects the overall style of the text,

making it more/less formal/less technical etc. For example:


25 Dear Professor

Dumbledore,

Sorry to bother you, but

my scar hurt this morning.

35 Profesor Dumbledore yang

terhormat,

Maaf mengganggu Anda,

tetapi bekas luka saya

50

sakit.



Comment:

The pronoun ...you... is translated into ...Anda... in Indonesian as it is a common

pronoun addressed to someone who is older to show respect and courtesy.

e. Illocutionary change. Illocutionary changes (changes of speech act), are

usually linked with other strategies too. For example, changing the mood

of the verb from indicative to imperative or from reporting to a

command, or from direct to an indirect speech.

Example:


45/5 "Why don't you sit with

me today?" he asked,

smiling.

99/5 “Duduklah bersamaku

hari ini,” pintanya sambil

tersenyum

51


Comment:

In the English source text, Why don’t you sit with me today? is a question,

meanwhile in its Indonesian translation, Duduklah bersamaku hari ini is a

statement. Therefore, there occurs an illocutionary change in the translation.

f. Coherence change. The coherence change is similar to the cohesion

change in the syntactic strategy. While cohesion change has to do with a

single sentence or paragraph, coherence change involves changes in the

logical arrangement in the text. It may include rearranging, combining or

splitting paraghraphs.

Example of rearranging:


Target Text

8/3 My mother had painted

the cabinets eighteen

years ago in an attempt

to bring some sunshine

into the house.

23/4 Delapan belas tahun

yang lalu ibuku mengecat

rak-rak itu dengan

harapan bisa membawa

sedikit kecerahan di

rumah.


Comment:

52

In the source text ...eighteen years ago... is in the middle of the sentence,

meanwhile Delapan belas tahun yang lalu... is in the front of the sentence in

Indonesian.

g. Partial translation. This covers any kind of partial translation, such as

summary translation, transcription, translation of the sounds only, and the

like.

Example of translation of the sounds only:


271/8 Hermione was now

teaching Krum to say

her name properly; he

kept calling her

"Hermy-own."

"Her-my-oh-nee," she

said slowly and clearly.

505/2 Hermione sekarang sedang

mengajar Krum

mengucapkan namanya

dengan benar. Krum terus

saja memanggilanya

“Herma-yon.”

“Her-ma-yo-ni,” kata

Hermione lambat dan jelas.



Comment:

...Hermy-own is translated into ...Herma-yon in Indonesian as the translator

wants the reader to pronounce the same way as what the target text is read. As

53

well as Her-my-oh-nee into Her-ma-yo-ni, it is only the sound which is

translated. Thus, there occurs a partial translation in the target text.

h. Visibility change. This refers to a change in the status of the auditorial

presence, or to the overt intrusion or foregrounding of the translational

presence. For instance, translator’s footnotes, bracketed comments ... or

added glosses explicitly draw the reader’s attention to the presence of the

translator, who is no longer “transparent”. For example:


381/9 The show began with

Smithsonian Castle, its

basement science labs,

corridors lined with

exhibits, a salon full of

mollusks, scientists who

called themselves “the

curators of

crustaceans,” and even

an old photo of the

castle’s two most popular

residents—a pair of now-

deceased owls

named Diffusion and

601/6 Pertunjukkan dimulai

dengan Kastil

Smithsonian, lab-lab ilmu

pengetahuan bawah tanah,

koridor-koridor yang

didereti barang koleksi,

ruangan penuh moluska,

para ilmuwan yang

menyebut diri mereka

sebagai “kurator

crustacean (hewan

berkulit keras)”, dan

bahkan foto kuno dua

penghuni kastil yang

54

Increase. paling populer—sepasang

burung hantu bernama

Diffusion dan Increase

yang kini sudah mati.

(Taken from Brown’s The Lost Symbol and its translation The Lost Symbol by

Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno)

Comment:

The translator gives an intrusion by adding bracketed information in ...“the

curator crustaceans”... into ...“kurator crustacean (hewan berkulit keras)”....

i. Transediting. Transediting is a term suggested by Stetting (1989) to

refer to the fact that the original text is often in need of extensive editing.

Sometimes radical re-editing that translators have to do on badly written

original texts: it includes drastic re-ordering, re-writing at a more general

level that the kinds of changes covered by the strategies so far mentioned.

2.3 Theories of Translation

2.3.1 Venuti (ed.) (2004)

Theory of Naturalization

55

A truly natural translation can in some respects be

described more easily in terms of what it avoids than in

what it actually states; for it is the presence of serious

anomalies, avoided in a successful translation, which

immediately strike the reader as being out of place in the

context. (p. 138)

Example:

Page/

Par.


30/21 When I finally totted it

all up, I shook my head

quietly. I had made the

princely sum of £63.77.

80/6 Ketika akhirnya aku

berhasil menjumlahkannya,

aku menggeleng-geleng

takjub. Aku mendapat

63,77 pound.

(Taken from Bowen’s A Street Cat named Bob and its translation by Istiani

Prajoko)

Comment:

...quietly... is translated into ...takjub... because if it is translated literally, it

becomes ...aku menggeleng-geleng dengan tenang which sounds unnatural in

Indonesian. So, the translator translated it into ...takjub... to make it sound

natural.

Theory of Too Many Words

56

“Expansion. Every translation tends to be longer than the original.

...........................................................................................................

The expansion is, moreover, a stretching, a slackening.... It is often

called “overtranslation”...” (p. 290). For example:

Page/

Par.


4/13 “You would know,” I

replied, grinning as I eyed

the badge pinned to his

leather jacket.

18/8 “Soal itu memang Dad

yang paling tahu,”

sahutku, tersenyum

sambil melirik lencana

yang tersemat di jaket

kulitnya.


Comment:

You would know consists of three words and it is translated into Soal itu

memang Dad yang paling tahu which consists of seven words. Thus, the

translation is expanded.

Theory of Explicitness Change

“...the explicitation can be the manifestation of something

that is not apparent, but concealed or repressed, in the

original” (p. 289).

57

Example:

Page/

Par.


8/8 Finding the school

wasn't difficult, though

I'd never been there

before.

24/5 Menemukan letak

sekolah tidaklah sulit,

meskipun aku belum

pernah ke sana.


Comment:

Finding the school wasn't difficult... should actually be Finding the school

location wasn't difficult...; the words ...location... is implicit in the source text.

The translation is Menemukan letak sekolah tidaklah rumit... of which ...letak...

which is the translation of ...location... is explicitly written; so, there occurs an

explicitness change in the translation.

2.3.2 Newmark (1988)

Theory of Naturalization

Natural translation can be contrasted with 'casual' language,

where word order, syntactic structures, collocations and words are

predictable.

..........................................................................................................

58

You have to bear in mind that the level of naturalness of natural

usage is grammatical as well as lexical ... and, through

appropriate sentence connectives, may extend to the entire text”

(pp. 21-26).

Example:

Page/

Par.


76/8 ‘A couple of vendors are

saying that you are

floating. ... You know

floating is against the

rules.’

218/2 “Beberapa vendor

mengatakan bahwa kau

suka jualan keliling. ...

Kau tahu jualan keliling

itu melanggar aturan.”


Prajoko)

Comment:

...floating... is translated into ...jualan keliling... because if it is translated

literally, it becomes Beberapa vendor mengatakan bahwa kau suka mengapung...

which sounds unnatural when it is related to the context. So, the translator

translated it into ...jualan keliling... to make it sound natural in Indonesian.

Theory of Slang Words

Just as individuals have familiar alternative terms for

members of their family and close friends (nicknames), so

familiar objects and actions are often designated by

59

alternative terms, rather misleadingiy referred to as

slang .... Such words ... have to be translated by neutral

terms, if the TL has no corresponding familiar alternative

(p. 201).

Example:

Page/

Par.

Source Text Page/

Par.

Target Text

22/9 I had Colonel

Fubster drown one

last year. Ratty

little thing it was-

Weak. Underbred.

42/6 Tahun lalu Kolonel

Fubster kusuruh

menenggelamkan anjing

macam itu. Anjing jembel.

Lemah. Turunan kelas

rendah.



Comment:

Ratty... is a slang word and it is translated into ...jembel which is not a slang word

in Indonesian.

Theory of Information Change

60

The additional information a translator may have to add

to his version is normally cultural (accounting for

difference between SL and TL culture), technical

(relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward

use of words), and is dependent on the requirement of his,

as opposed to the original, readership.

............................................................................................

Additional information in the translation may take various

forms:

.................................................................................................

(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred

word... (pp. 91-92). For example:

Page/

Par.


255/1 ...but he deduced

from the wild

excitement of those

who had grown up

listening to the

WWN (Wizarding

Wireless Network)

that they were a

very famous musical

480/1 Tetapi dari kegairahan

mereka yang rajin

mendengarkan WWN

(Wizarding Wireless

Network – Jaringan

Radio Sihir), mereka

rupanya grup musik yang

sangat terkenal.

61

group.



Comment:

...WWN (Wizarding Wireless Network)... is translated into ...WWN (Wizarding

Wireless Network—Jaringan Radio Sihir) in Indonesian. There is an additional

information given to the acronym since the acronym is in English so that all

readers could understand what ...WWN... means.

2.3.3 Hatim and Munday (2004)

Theory of Transposition

“The method called Transposition involves replacing one word class with

another without changing the meaning of the message. Beside being a

special translation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a

language.” (p. 150)

Example:

Page/

Par.


265/7 It was a lie; he

hadn't bought

anything for Dobby

at all, but he quickly

492/8 Dia bohong. Dia tidak

membeli apa-apa untuk

Dobby, tetapi dia cepat-

cepat membuka kopernya

dan menarik sepasang

62

opened his trunk

and pulled out a

particularly knobbly

rolled-up pair of

socks.

kaus kaki butut yang

sudah sangat melar.



Comment:

...a lie... is a noun, and it is translated into ...bohong... which is a verb in

Indonesian. So, there is a changing of word class or transposition in the

translation.

Theory of Calque

“Calque. A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language

borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each

of its elements” (p. 149).

Example:

Page/

Par.

Source Text Page/

Par.

Target Text

103/1 There was a definite 196/1 Suasana diliputi

63

end-of-the-holidays

gloom in the air

when Harry awoke

next morning. Heavy

rain was still

splattering against

the window as he

got dressed in jeans

and a sweatshirt.

kesuraman akhir-liburan

ketika Harry terbangun

keesokan harinya. Hujan

lebat masih menerpa

jendela ketika dia

memakai jins dan

sweternya.



Comment:

The word ...jeans... is adopted into ...jins... in the Indonesian language which is

called as calque.

2.3.4 Munday (2008)

Theory of Class Shift

“Class shifts: These comprise shifts from one part of speech to another”

(p. 61).

Example:

64

Page/

Par.


268/10 Parvati was gazing

at Hermione in

unflattering

disbelief.

499/4 Parvati menatap

Hermione tak percaya

serta tak senang.



Comment:

...disbelief is a noun, and it is translated into ...tak percaya... which is a verb in

Indonesian. Thus, there is a class shift in the translation.

2.3.5 Catford (1965):

Theory of Unit Shift

“By unit-shift we mean changes of rank–that is, departure from

formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit

at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL” (p. 79).

Example:

Page/

Par.


65

45/14 "I may not give you

back, though," he said

with a wicked glint in

his eyes.

I gulped.

100/1 “Aku mungkin saja takkan

mengembalikanmu,”

katanya sambil mengedip

jail.

Aku menelan ludah.


Comment:

The English word ...gulped is translated into a phrase ...menelan ludah in

Indonesian. Thus, there occurs a unit shift from word to phrase in the translation.

2.3.6 Nida and Taber (1969)

Theory of Expansion

...there is a tendency for all good translation to be

somewhat longer than the originals. This does not mean, of

course, that all long translations are necessarily good. It

only means that in the process of transfer from one

linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost

inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be

longer (p. 163).

Example:

66

Page/

Par.


24/1 Her great red face

started to expand,

her tiny eyes

bulged, and her

mouth stretched too

tightly for speech.

44/4 Wajahnya yang besar

merah menjadi semakin

besar, mata kecilnya

yang merah menjadi

menonjol, dan mulutnya

tertarik begitu kencang

sampai tak bisa bicara.



Comment:

...her tiny eyes bulged... consists of four words and it is translated into ...mata

kecilnya yang merah menjadi menonjol... which consists of six words in

Indonesian. So, the translation is expanded.

Theory of Idiom

“Frequently idioms are shifted to nonidioms in the process of transfer” (p.

106). For example:

Page/

Par.


7/16 “Okay. But then . . .” He

hesitated. “You and Jake

24/6 “Oke. Tapi...” Charlie

ragu-ragu sejenak. “Kau

67

used to be joined at the

hip, and now —”

dan Jake dulu kan akrab

sekali, tapi sekarang...”


Chresnayani)

Comment:

...join at the hip is and idiom and it is translated into a non-idiomatic expression

...akrab sekali... in the Indonesian language.

2.3.7 Fawcett (1997)

Theory of Information Change

“Borrowing a term when a possible translation exists might be

intended,... perhaps adding the translation or some form of

explanation to assist the reader” (p. 34). For example:

Page/

Par.


65/4 "He was a tribal elder,

like my father. You see,

the cold ones are the

natural enemies of the

wolf—well, not the wolf,

really, but the wolves that

turn into men, like our

ancestors. You would call

137/1 “Dia tetua suku, seperti

ayahku. Kau tahu, yang

berdarah dingin adalah

musuh alami serigala—

well, bukan serigala

sesungguhnya, tapi

serigala yang menjelma

menjadi manusia, seperti

68

them werewolves." leluhur kami. Kau bisa

menyebutnya werewolf—

serigala jadi-jadian.”


Comment:

The term ...werewolves is translated into ...werewolf—serigala jadi-jadian in

Indonesian, as it is not very common to the target readers, therefore the translator

provided an additional information about the term ...werewolves i.e. ...werewolf—

serigala jadi-jadian.

Theory of Coherence Change

Malone's final ' trajection' is Reordering. His rather short

discussion simply enumerates and exemplifies situations

where reordering word sequences becomes necessary for

comprehension, as in the breaking up of complex structures,

or because the source and target languages have different

narrative and stylistic structures (p. 49).

Example:

Page/

Par.


22/9 I had Colonel

Fubster drown one

last year. Ratty

42/6 Tahun lalu Kolonel

Fubster kusuruh

menenggelamkan anjing

69

little thing it was-

Weak. Underbred.

macam itu. Anjing jembel.

Lemah. Turunan kelas

rendah.



Comment:

In the ST, ...last year... is in the back of the sentence I had Colonel Fubster

drown one last year, but the translation of it, ...Tahun lalu... is in the beginning

of the sentence Tahun lalu Kolonel Fubster kusuruh menenggelamkan anjing

macam itu. Thus, there is a changing of words order in the translation.

2.3.8 Baker and Saldanha (eds.) (1998):

Theory of Implicitation

“Implicitation, ..., is defined as ‘a stylistic translation technique which

consists of making what is explicit in the source language implicit in the

target language, relying on the context or the situation for conveying the

meaning’” (p. 104).

Example:

Page/

Par.


193/6 “Course I do,” Hagrid

grunted. “Yeh say it wasn'

you, an' I believe yeh - an'

357/8 “Tentu saja,” gerutu

Hagrid. “Kau bilang

bukan kau, dan aku

70

Dumbledore believes yer,

an' all.”

percaya padamu... dan

Dumbledore juga percaya

padamu.”



Comment:

Course I do is translated into Tentu saja in the Indonesian language. The

translation should actually be Tentu saja aku percaya. ...aku percaya of which

the translation of ...I do is not translated and left implicit in the target text.

Theory of Slang Words

“...the dialect or slang of a source text may be transposed into standard

language in the process of translation because of pedagogical concerns...”

(p. 32).

Example:

Page/

Par.


78/3 “You f***ing bastard,

we’ll f***ing get you,”

he said.

223/3 “Bajingan kau, kami akan

menghajarmu,” katanya.


Prajoko)

Comment:

71

...bastard... is an English slang word and it is translated into ...bajingan... which

is not slang in Indonesian.

2.3.9 Larson (1998)

Theory of Clause Structure Change

“It is not uncommon that passive constructions will need to be translated

with an active construction or vice versa, depending on the natural form

of the receptor language” (pp. 21-22). Example:

Page/

Par.


11/9 Dear Mr. Potter,

Please note that the

new school year will

begin on

September the first.

26/3 Mr. Potter yang

terhormat,

Kami beritahukan bahwa

tahun ajaran baru akan

dimulai pada tanggal satu

September.



Comment:

...begin... is an active verb in English, but it is translated into a passive verb

...dimulai... in the Indonesian language.

Theory of Implicitation

72

In every text that one may want to translate, there will be

information which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an

explicit form in the text itself. Some information, or

meaning, is left implicit because of the structure of the

source language; some because it has already been

included elsewhere in the text, and some because of shared

information in the communication situation (p. 43).

Example:

Page/

Par.


33/3 Ernie suddenly

shivered.

"Talk about

summat else, Stan,

there's a good lad.

Them Azkaban

guards give me the

collywobbles."

58/2 Ernie tiba-tiba bergidik.

“Bicara soal lain saja,

Stan. Para pengawal

Azkaban itu membuatku

ngeri.”



Comment:

Talk about summat else, Stan, there's a good lad is translated

into Bicara soal lain saja, Stan in the Indonesian language. The translation

73

should actually be Bicara soal lain saja, Stan, masih ada orang baik. ...masih

ada orang baik of which the translation of ...there’s a good lad is not translated

and left implicit in the target text.

Theory of Loan Words

“A loan word refers to a word which is from another language and is

unknown to most of the speakers of the receptor language. Loan words

are commonly used for the names of people, places, geographical areas,

etc.” (p. 186).

Example:

Page/

Par.


9/3 He had pinned his

Head Boy badge to

the fez perched

jauntily on top of his

neat hair...

20/5 Lencana Ketua Murid-nya

disematkan di topi fez

yang bertengger gaya di

atas rambutnya yang

rapi...



Comment:

The word ...fez... is borrowed by the translator into ...fez... in Indonesian which is

called as loan.

74

Theory of Compression

“...it is essential that the translator accept the fact that... several

words in the source text will sometimes be translated by a single

word” (p. 170).

Example:

Page/

Par.

Source Text Page/

Par.

Target Text

24/2 Ripper came skidding

into the room, barking

madly.

44/6 Ripper berlari masuk,

menggonggong liar ribut

sekali.



Comment:

Ripper came skidding into the room... consists of six words, and it is translated

into Ripper berlari masuk... which consists of three words in Indonesian. So,

there occurs a reduction in the translation.

2.3.10 Bell (1991)

Theory of Loan Words

75

“Borrowing (emprant): the carry-over lexical items from the source

language to the target language, normally without formal or semantic

modification ...” (p. 70). For example:

Page/

Par.


15/1 Aunt Marge lived in

the country, in a

house with a large

garden, where she

bred bulldogs.

30/6 Bibi Marge tinggal di

daerah pedesaan, dalam

rumah dengan halaman

luas, tempat dia

membiakkan bulldog.



Comment:

...bulldog is a type of dogs and it is retained as ...bulldog in the Indonesian

language which is called as loan.

Theory of Calque

“...(calque): the linear substitution of elements of one language

by elements of the other...” (p. 70).

Example:

Page/

Par.


2/2 One of the essays, a 11/2 Salah satu tugasnya adalah

76

particularly nasty

one about shrinking

potions, was for

Harry's least

favorite teacher,

Professor Snape,

who would be

delighted to have an

excuse to give Harry

detention for a

month.

membuat karangan yang

sangat tidak

menyenangkan mengenai

Ramuan Pengerut, untuk

guru yang paling tidak

disukai Harry, yakni

Profesor Snape, yang akan

senang sekali punya

alasan untuk memberi

Harry detensi selama

sebulan.



Comment:

...detention... is adopted in Indonesian language into ...detensi... which is called

as calque.

2.3.11 Weissbort and Eysteinsson (eds.) (2006)

Theory of Idiomatic Expressions

While a translator endeavours to give to his work all

the ease of original composition, the chief difficulty

he has to encounter will be found in the translation of

idioms, or those turns of expression which do not

77

belong to universal grammar, but of which every

language has its own, that are exclusively proper to it

(p. 193).

Example:

Page/

Par.


27/8 He suddenly

remembered why he

had fallen over and

turned around

quickly to stare at

the alleyway

between the garage

and fence.

50/9 Dia mendadak ingat

kenapa dia sampai jatuh,

dan buru-buru berbalik

memandang gang di

antara garasi dan pagar.



Comment:

...turned around... is an English phrasal verb which means to change position or

direction so as to face the other way. It belongs to idiomatic expressions (Duff,

1990, pp. 10-11) and is translated into a non-idiomatic expression ...berbalik... in

Indonesian.

78

2.3.12 Lefevere (ed.) (2003)

Theory of Idiomatic Expression

“...it is impossible to preserve the distinctive features of one language in

another since even idiomatic expressions in the same language tend to

differ among its speakers...” (p. 49).

Example:

Page/

Par.


27/5 "What were you

doin' down there?"

said Stan, dropping

his professional

manner.

"Fell over," said

Harry.

50/5 “Ngapain kau di bawah

situ?” tanya Stan,

meninggalkan gayanya

yang profesional.

“Jatuh,” kata Harry.



Comment:

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary ...fall over... is an English

phrasal verb which means to hit your foot against something when you are

walking and fall. It belongs to idiomatic expressions (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11) and

is translated into a non-idiomatic expression ...jatuh... in Indonesian.

79

2.3.13 Hervey and Higgins (1992)

Theory of Compression

“Compensation..., condensing features carried over a relatively

longer stretch of the ST into a relatively shorter stretch of TT”

(p. 248).

Example:

Page/

Par.


31/2 "Well, really, I had

to, don't you

know," said an

irritable Fudge.

55/3 “Saya terpaksa, kan,”

kata Fudge yang jengkel.



Comment:

Well, really, I had to, don’t you know... consists of eight words, and it is

translated into Saya terpaksa, kan... which consists of three words in Indonesian.

So, there occurs a reduction in the translation.

2.3.14 Baker (1992)

80

Theory of Coherence Change

“Word order is extremely important in translation because it

plays a major role in maintaining a coherent point of view and in

orienting messages at text levels” (p. 110).

Example:

Page/

Par.


32/2 After the excitement of

the previous night I had

given myself a lie in...

83/2 Setelah semalam kami

bersuka ria, aku ingin

bagun agak siang...


Prajoko)

Comment:

...the previous night... is positioned at the back of the part of the sentence After

the excitement of the previous night... However, the translation ...semalam... is

in the middle of the part of the sentence Setelah semalam kami bersuka ria... in

Indonesian. Therefore, there is a change of word order in the translation.

chapter 2

Documents

target text

source textpagepar

english source text

translation strategies

original text clear

gun belt

different meaning

indonesian language