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Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Ions

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Page 1: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Page 2: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

HistoryHistory Greek philosophersGreek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus - atomosDemocritus and Leucippus - atomos Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Water.Water. 1660 - Robert Boyle- experimental 1660 - Robert Boyle- experimental

definition of element.definition of element. Lavoisier- Father of modern chemistryLavoisier- Father of modern chemistry He wrote the book- used measurementHe wrote the book- used measurement

Page 3: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

LawsLaws Conservation of Mass-Conservation of Mass- the total mass of materials the total mass of materials

present after a chemical reaction is the same as the present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction.total mass present before the reaction.

Law of Definite Proportion-Law of Definite Proportion- compounds have a compounds have a constant composition by mass.constant composition by mass.

They react in specific ratios by mass.They react in specific ratios by mass. Multiple Proportions-Multiple Proportions- When two elements form When two elements form

more than one compound, the ratios of the masses more than one compound, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the second element that combine with one gram of the first can be reduced to small whole numbers.of the first can be reduced to small whole numbers.

Page 4: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

What?!What?! Water has 8 g of oxygen per g of hydrogen.Water has 8 g of oxygen per g of hydrogen. Hydrogen peroxide has 16 g of oxygen per Hydrogen peroxide has 16 g of oxygen per

g of hydrogen.g of hydrogen. 16/8 = 2/116/8 = 2/1 Small whole number ratiosSmall whole number ratios

Page 5: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory 1. Elements are made up of atoms1. Elements are made up of atoms 2. Atoms of each element are identical. 2. Atoms of each element are identical.

Atoms of different elements are different.Atoms of different elements are different. 3. Compounds are formed when atoms 3. Compounds are formed when atoms

combine. Each compound has a specific combine. Each compound has a specific number and kinds of atom.number and kinds of atom.

4. Chemical reactions are rearrangement of 4. Chemical reactions are rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed.atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed.

Page 6: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Gay-Lussac- under the same conditions of Gay-Lussac- under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, compounds temperature and pressure, compounds always react in whole number ratios by always react in whole number ratios by volume.volume.

Avagadro- interpreted that to mean:Avagadro- interpreted that to mean: at at the same temperature and pressure, equal the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number volumes of gases contain the same number of particles.of particles.

(called Avagadro’s hypothesis)(called Avagadro’s hypothesis)

A Helpful ObservationA Helpful Observation

Page 7: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Experiments to determine what Experiments to determine what an atom wasan atom was

J. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubesJ. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubes

Page 8: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 9: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 10: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 11: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the positive endpositive end

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 12: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the positive endpositive end

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 13: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the positive endpositive end

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 14: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the positive endpositive end

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 15: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

Page 16: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

Page 17: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

Page 18: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

Page 19: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

Page 20: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

Page 21: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Voltage source

Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment

By adding an electric field he found that the By adding an electric field he found that the moving pieces were negative moving pieces were negative

+

-

Page 22: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Thomsom’s ModelThomsom’s Model Found the electronFound the electron Couldn’t find Couldn’t find

positive (for a while) positive (for a while) Said the atom was Said the atom was

like plum puddinglike plum pudding A bunch of positive A bunch of positive

stuff, with the stuff, with the electrons able to be electrons able to be removed removed

Page 23: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

Atomizer

Microscope

-

+

Oil

Page 24: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

Oil

Atomizer

Microscope

-

+

Oil droplets

Page 25: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

X-rays

X-rays give some drops a charge by knocking offelectrons

Page 26: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

+

Page 27: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

They put an electric charge on the plates

++

--

Page 28: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

Some drops would hover

++

--

Page 29: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

+

+ + + + + + +

- - - - - - -

Page 30: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

Measure the drop and find volume from 4/3πr3

Find mass from M = D x V

++

--

Page 31: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment

From the mass of the drop and the charge on the plates, he calculated the charge on an electron

++

--

Page 32: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

RadioactivityRadioactivity Discovered by accidentDiscovered by accident BequerelBequerel Three types Three types

– alpha- helium nucleus (+2 charge, large alpha- helium nucleus (+2 charge, large mass)mass)

– beta- high speed electronbeta- high speed electron

– gamma- high energy lightgamma- high energy light

Page 33: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Rutherford’s ExperimentRutherford’s Experiment Used uranium to produce alpha particlesUsed uranium to produce alpha particles Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by

drilling hole in lead blockdrilling hole in lead block Since the mass is evenly distributed in Since the mass is evenly distributed in

gold atoms alpha particles should go gold atoms alpha particles should go straight through.straight through.

Used gold foil because it could be made Used gold foil because it could be made atoms thinatoms thin

Page 34: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Lead block

Uranium

Gold Foil

Florescent Screen

Page 35: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

What he expected

Page 36: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Because

Page 37: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom

Page 38: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

What he got

Page 39: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

How he explained it

+

Atom is mostly emptyAtom is mostly empty Small dense,Small dense,

positive piecepositive piece at centerat center

Alpha particles Alpha particles are deflected byare deflected by it if it if they get closethey get close enough enough

Page 40: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

+

Page 41: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Modern ViewModern View The atom is mostly The atom is mostly

empty spaceempty space Two regionsTwo regions Nucleus- protons and Nucleus- protons and

neutronsneutrons Electron cloud- region Electron cloud- region

where you have a where you have a chance of finding an chance of finding an electronelectron

Page 42: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Sub-atomic ParticlesSub-atomic Particles Z - atomic number = number of protons Z - atomic number = number of protons

determines type of atomdetermines type of atom A - mass number = number of protons + A - mass number = number of protons +

neutronsneutrons Number of protons = number of electrons if Number of protons = number of electrons if

neutralneutral

Page 43: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

SymbolsSymbols

XA

Z

Na23

11

Page 44: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds The forces that hold atoms togetherThe forces that hold atoms together Covalent bondingCovalent bonding - sharing electrons - sharing electrons makes moleculesmakes molecules Chemical formulaChemical formula- the number and type of - the number and type of

atoms in a molecule atoms in a molecule CC22HH66 - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms,

Structural formulaStructural formula shows the connections, shows the connections, but not necessarily the shape.but not necessarily the shape.

Page 45: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

H

H

H H

H

HC C

Structural FormulaStructural Formula

Page 46: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

There are also other model that attempt to show There are also other model that attempt to show three dimensional shapethree dimensional shape

Ball and stickBall and stick

Space Filling Space Filling

Page 47: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

IonsIons Atoms or groups of atoms with a chargeAtoms or groups of atoms with a charge CationsCations- positive ions - get by losing - positive ions - get by losing

electrons(s)electrons(s) AnionsAnions- negative ions - get by gaining - negative ions - get by gaining

electron(s)electron(s) Ionic bondingIonic bonding- held together by the - held together by the

opposite chargesopposite charges Ionic solids are called Ionic solids are called saltssalts

Page 48: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions Groups of atoms that have a chargeGroups of atoms that have a charge Yes, you have to memorize them.Yes, you have to memorize them. List on separate handout.List on separate handout.

Page 49: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Page 50: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

MetalsMetals ConductorsConductors Lose electronsLose electrons Malleable and ductileMalleable and ductile

Page 51: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

NonmetalsNonmetals BrittleBrittle Gain electronsGain electrons Covalent bondsCovalent bonds

Page 52: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Semi-metals or MetalloidsSemi-metals or Metalloids

Page 53: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Alkali Metals

Page 54: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Alkaline Earth Metals

Page 55: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Halogens

Page 56: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Transition metals

Page 57: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Noble Gases

Page 58: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Inner Transition Metals

Page 59: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

+1+2 -1-2-3

Page 60: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Naming compoundsNaming compounds Two typesTwo types IonicIonic - metal and non metal or polyatomics - metal and non metal or polyatomics CovalentCovalent- we will just learn the rules for 2 - we will just learn the rules for 2

non-metalsnon-metals

Page 61: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic compounds-basic rulesIonic compounds-basic rules If the cation is If the cation is monoatomic monoatomic (made of one atom)- Name (made of one atom)- Name

the metal (cation) just write the name.the metal (cation) just write the name. If the cation is If the cation is polyatomic polyatomic (made of more than one (made of more than one

atom)- name it atom)- name it

Ex: Ex: NaNa33POPO44 Sodium PhosphateSodium Phosphate

If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change the If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change the ending to ending to -ide-ide

If the anion is poly atomic- just name itIf the anion is poly atomic- just name it

Ex: Ex: NaClNaCl Sodium ChlorSodium Chlorideide

NHNH44ClCl Ammonium ChlorAmmonium Chlorideide

Page 62: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds Two words, with prefixesTwo words, with prefixes Prefixes tell you how many.Prefixes tell you how many. mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5),

hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona (9), deca (10)hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona (9), deca (10) First element whole name with the appropriate First element whole name with the appropriate

prefix, except monoprefix, except mono Second element, Second element, -ide -ide ending with appropriate ending with appropriate

prefixprefix PracticePractice

Page 63: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

More NamingMore Naming

Page 64: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic compounds--againIonic compounds--again If the cation is monoatomic- Name the metal If the cation is monoatomic- Name the metal

(cation) just write the name.(cation) just write the name. If the cation is polyatomic- name itIf the cation is polyatomic- name it If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change If the anion is monoatomic- name it but change

the ending to the ending to -ide-ide If the anion is poly atomic- just name itIf the anion is poly atomic- just name it If the cation may have more than one charge, If the cation may have more than one charge,

use the classic name or put a Roman numeral use the classic name or put a Roman numeral after the name of cation.after the name of cation.

Ex: FeO is Iron (II) oxide or Ferrous oxideEx: FeO is Iron (II) oxide or Ferrous oxide

Page 65: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Have to know the names of ions and whether Have to know the names of ions and whether

they can have more than one charge, and have to they can have more than one charge, and have to know the polyatomic ions. know the polyatomic ions.

CaSCaS KK22SS

AlPOAlPO44

KK22SOSO44

FeSFeS CoICoI33

Page 66: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

More Ionic CompoundsMore Ionic Compounds FeFe22(C(C22OO44))

MgOMgO MnOMnO

KMnOKMnO44

NHNH44NONO33

HgHg22ClCl22

CrCr22OO33

Page 67: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds KClOKClO44

NaClONaClO33

YBrOYBrO22

Cr(ClO)Cr(ClO)66

Page 68: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Naming Covalent CompoundsNaming Covalent Compounds Two words, with prefixesTwo words, with prefixes Prefixes tell you how many.Prefixes tell you how many. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona, mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona,

decadeca First element, whole name with the First element, whole name with the

appropriate prefix, except monoappropriate prefix, except mono Second element, Second element, -ide -ide ending with appropriate ending with appropriate

prefixprefix PracticePractice

Page 69: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

COCO22

CO CO CClCCl44

NN22OO44

XeFXeF66

NN44OO44

PP22OO1010

Naming Covalent CompoundsNaming Covalent Compounds

Page 70: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Writing FormulasWriting Formulas Two sets of rules, ionic and covalentTwo sets of rules, ionic and covalent To decide which to use, decide what the To decide which to use, decide what the

first word is.first word is. If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic.If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic. If it is a non-metal use covalentIf it is a non-metal use covalent

Page 71: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Charges must add up to zeroCharges must add up to zero get charges from table, name of metal ion, get charges from table, name of metal ion,

or memorized from the listor memorized from the list use parenthesis to indicate multiple use parenthesis to indicate multiple

polyatomicspolyatomics

Page 72: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the nitride - ide tells you it comes from the

periodic table (it is monoatomic)periodic table (it is monoatomic) nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3

Page 73: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the tablenitride - ide tells you it comes from the table nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 doesn’t add up to zerodoesn’t add up to zero

Na+1 N-3

Page 74: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the tablenitride - ide tells you it comes from the table nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 doesn’t add up to zerodoesn’t add up to zero Need 3 NaNeed 3 Na

Na+1 N-3 Na3N

Page 75: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Sodium sulfiteSodium sulfite calcium iodidecalcium iodide Lead (II) oxide Lead (II) oxide Lead (IV) oxideLead (IV) oxide Mercury (I) sulfideMercury (I) sulfide Barium chromateBarium chromate Aluminum hydrogen sulfateAluminum hydrogen sulfate Cerium (IV) nitriteCerium (IV) nitrite

Page 76: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds The name tells you how to write the The name tells you how to write the

formulaformula duhduh Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide diflourine monoxidediflourine monoxide nitrogen trichloridenitrogen trichloride diphosphorus pentoxidediphosphorus pentoxide

Page 77: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

More Names and formulasMore Names and formulas

Page 78: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

AcidsAcids Substances that produce HSubstances that produce H++ ions when ions when

dissolved in waterdissolved in water All acids begin with HAll acids begin with H Two types of acids Two types of acids OxyacidsOxyacids non oxyacidsnon oxyacids

Page 79: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Naming acidsNaming acids If the formula has oxygen in itIf the formula has oxygen in it write the name of the anion, but change write the name of the anion, but change

– ate to -ic acidate to -ic acid– ite to -ous acidite to -ous acid

Watch out for sulfWatch out for sulfururic and sulfic and sulfururousous

HH22CrOCrO44

HMnOHMnO44

HNOHNO22

Page 80: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Naming acidsNaming acids If the acid doesn’t have oxygenIf the acid doesn’t have oxygen add the prefix hydro-add the prefix hydro- change the suffix -ide to -ic acidchange the suffix -ide to -ic acid HClHCl HH22SS

HCNHCN

Page 81: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Formulas for acidsFormulas for acids Backwards from namesBackwards from names If it has hydro- in the name it has no oxygenIf it has hydro- in the name it has no oxygen anion ends in -ideanion ends in -ide No hydro, anion ends in -ate or -iteNo hydro, anion ends in -ate or -ite Write anion and add enough H to balance Write anion and add enough H to balance

the charges.the charges.

Page 82: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

Formulas for acidsFormulas for acids hydrofluoric acidhydrofluoric acid dichromic aciddichromic acid carbonic acidcarbonic acid hydrophosphoric acidhydrophosphoric acid hypofluorous acidhypofluorous acid perchloric acidperchloric acid phosphorous acid phosphorous acid

Page 83: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

HydratesHydrates Some salts trap water crystals when they Some salts trap water crystals when they

form crystalsform crystals these are hydrates.these are hydrates. Both the name and the formula needs to Both the name and the formula needs to

indicate how many water molecules are indicate how many water molecules are trappedtrapped

In the name we add the word hydrate with a In the name we add the word hydrate with a prefix that tells us how many water prefix that tells us how many water molecules molecules

Page 84: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions History n Greek philosophers n Democritus and Leucippus - atomos n Aristotle- 4 elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and

HydratesHydrates In the formula you put a dot and then write In the formula you put a dot and then write

the number of molecules.the number of molecules. Calcium chloride dihydrate = CaClCalcium chloride dihydrate = CaCl2222 Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate = Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate =

Cr(NOCr(NO33))33 6H 6H22O O


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