Upload File

chapter 2 atoms, molecules, and ions. the early history of chemistry -before 16th century alchemy:...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
47
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Ions

Upload: jemimah-sullivan

Post on 30-Dec-2015

221 views

Category:

Documents


5 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules, and IonsAtoms, Molecules, and Ions

Page 2: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

The Early History of ChemistryThe Early History of Chemistry

- Before 16th CenturyBefore 16th CenturyAlchemyAlchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to : Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap metals into goldchange cheap metals into gold

- 17th Century17th CenturyRobert BoyleRobert Boyle: First “chemist” to perform : First “chemist” to perform quantitative experimentsquantitative experiments

- 18th Century18th CenturyGeorge StahlGeorge Stahl: : PhlogistonPhlogiston flows out of a burning flows out of a burning material.material.Joseph PriestleyJoseph Priestley: Discovers oxygen gas, : Discovers oxygen gas, “dephlogisticated air.”“dephlogisticated air.”

Page 3: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass

- Discovered by Antoine LavoisierDiscovered by Antoine Lavoisier

- Mass is neither created nor destroyedMass is neither created nor destroyed

- Combustion involves oxygen, not Combustion involves oxygen, not phlogistonphlogiston

Page 4: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Other Fundamental Chemical LawsOther Fundamental Chemical Laws

- A given compound always contains exactly A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.the same proportion of elements by mass.

- Carbon tetrachloride is always 1 atom Carbon tetrachloride is always 1 atom carbon per 4 atoms chlorine.carbon per 4 atoms chlorine.

Law of Definite Proportion

Page 5: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Other Fundamental Chemical LawsOther Fundamental Chemical Laws

- When two elements form a series of compounds, When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.can always be reduced to small whole numbers.

- The ratio of the masses of oxygen in HThe ratio of the masses of oxygen in H22O and O and

HH22OO22 will be a small whole number (“2”). will be a small whole number (“2”).

Law of Multiple Proportions

Page 6: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)

1 Each element is made up of tiny particles Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.called atoms.

2 The atoms of a given element are The atoms of a given element are identicalidentical; the atoms of different elements ; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or are different in some fundamental way or ways.ways.

Page 7: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Dalton’s Atomic Theory(continued)

Dalton’s Atomic Theory(continued)

3 Chemical compounds are formed when Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each otheratoms combine with each other. . A given A given compound always has the same relative compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.numbers and types of atoms.

4 Chemical reactions involve reorganization Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atomsof the atoms - changes in the way they are - changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.not changed in a chemical reaction.

Page 8: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory

Page 9: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Alpha, Beta, and GammaAlpha, Beta, and Gamma

Movie

Page 10: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Early Experiments to Characterize the AtomEarly Experiments to

Characterize the Atom

- J. J. Thomson J. J. Thomson - postulated the existence of - postulated the existence of electronselectrons using using cathode ray tubescathode ray tubes..

- Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford - explained the - explained the nuclear nuclear atomatom, containing a dense nucleus with , containing a dense nucleus with electrons traveling around the nucleus at a electrons traveling around the nucleus at a large distance.large distance.

Page 11: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

J. J. Thompson ExperimentJ. J. Thompson Experiment02_21

Metalelectrode

Metalelectrode

(-)

(+)

(+)

(-)

Appliedelectric field

Page 12: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 13: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Millikan Oil Drop ExperimentMillikan Oil Drop Experiment

Movie

Page 14: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Plum Pudding ModelPlum Pudding Model

Page 15: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Rutherford ExperimentRutherford Experiment

Movie

Page 16: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

02_25

Electrons scatteredthroughout Diffuse

positivecharge

(a) (b)

-

--

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

--

--

n+

Page 17: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 18: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

The Modern View of Atomic Structure

The Modern View of Atomic Structure

- electronselectrons

- protonsprotons: found in the nucleus, they have a : found in the nucleus, they have a positive charge equal in magnitude to the positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron’s negative charge.electron’s negative charge.

- neutronsneutrons: found in the nucleus, virtually : found in the nucleus, virtually same mass as a proton but no charge.same mass as a proton but no charge.

The The atomatom contains: contains:

Page 19: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 20: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

The Mass and Change of the Electron, Proton, and NeutronThe Mass and Change of the Electron, Proton, and Neutron

Particle Mass (kg) Charge

Electron 9.11 10 31 1

Proton 1.67 10 27 1+

Neutron 1.67 10 27 0

Page 21: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 22: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

The Chemists’ Shorthand: Atomic Symbols

The Chemists’ Shorthand: Atomic Symbols

K Element Symbol39

19

Mass number

Atomic number

Page 23: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

IsotopesIsotopes

Page 24: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 25: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 26: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Periodic TablePeriodic TableElements classified by:Elements classified by: --propertiesproperties -- atomic numberatomic number

GroupsGroups (vertical) (vertical) 1A = alkali metals1A = alkali metals 2A = alkaline earth metals2A = alkaline earth metals 7A = halogens7A = halogens 8A = noble gases8A = noble gases

PeriodsPeriods (horizontal) (horizontal)

Page 27: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

02_29

1H

3Li

11Na

19K

37Rb

55Cs

87Fr

4Be

12Mg

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

21Sc

39Y

57La*

89Ac†

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Unq

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105Unp

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106Unh

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107Uns

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108Uno

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109Une

110Uun

111Uuu

28Ni

46Pd

78Pt

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

30Zn

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

48Cd

80Hg

31Ga

49In

81Tl

5B

13Al

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

6C

14Si

33As

51Sb

83Bi

7N

15P

34Se

52Te

84Po

8O

16S

9F

17Cl

35Br

53I

85At

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

2He

58Ce

90Th

59Pr

91Pa

60Nd

92U

61Pm

93Np

62Sm

94Pu

63Eu

95Am

64Gd

96Cm

65Tb

97Bk

66Dy

98Cf

67Ho

99Es

68Er

100Fm

69Tm

101Md

70Yb

102No

71Lu

103Lr

1A

2A

Transition metals

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

8A1

2 13 14 15 16 17

18

Alk

ali m

eta

lsAlkalineearth metals Halogens

Noblegases

*Lanthanides

 † Actinides

Page 28: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 29: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Fill in the TableFill in the Table

Page 30: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds

The forces that hold atoms together in The forces that hold atoms together in compounds. compounds. Covalent bonds Covalent bonds result from atoms result from atoms sharing electronssharing electrons..

MoleculeMolecule: a collection of covalently-bonded : a collection of covalently-bonded atoms.atoms.

Page 31: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 32: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Methane

Page 33: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

The Chemists’ Shorthand:Formulas

The Chemists’ Shorthand:Formulas

Chemical Formula:Chemical Formula:

SymbolsSymbols = types of atoms = types of atoms

SubscriptsSubscripts = relative numbers of atoms = relative numbers of atoms

COCO22

Structural Formula:Structural Formula:

Individual bonds are shown Individual bonds are shown by linesby lines..

OO==CC==OO

Page 34: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

IonsIons

CationCation: A positive ion: A positive ion

MgMg2+2+, NH, NH44++

AnionAnion: A negative ion: A negative ion

ClCl, SO, SO4422

Ionic BondingIonic Bonding: Force of attraction between : Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.oppositely charged ions.

Page 35: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 36: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 37: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 38: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Naming CompoundsNaming Compounds

1. Cation first, then anion1. Cation first, then anion

2. Monatomic cation = name of the element2. Monatomic cation = name of the element

CaCa2+2+ = = calciumcalcium ionion

3. Monatomic anion = 3. Monatomic anion = rootroot + + -ide-ide

ClCl = = chlorchlorideide

CaClCaCl22 = = calcium chlorcalcium chlorideide

Binary Ionic Binary Ionic Compounds:Compounds:

Page 39: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Type I – Binary Ionic CmpdsType I – Binary Ionic Cmpds

Name the FollowingName the Following

KIKI

MgBrMgBr22

SrOSrO

Write the Symbols for Write the Symbols for the Followingthe Following

Lithium ChlorideLithium Chloride

Barium FluorideBarium Fluoride

Magnesium OxideMagnesium Oxide

Page 40: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Naming Compounds(continued)

Naming Compounds(continued)

-- metal forms more than one metal forms more than one cationcation

-- use use Roman numeral Roman numeral in namein name

PbClPbCl22

PbPb2+2+ is cationis cation

PbClPbCl22 = lead ( = lead (IIII) chloride) chloride

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II):II):

Page 41: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Type II – Binary Ionic CmpdsType II – Binary Ionic Cmpds

Name the following-Name the following-

CuOCuO

FeFe22OO33

CuFCuF

Write the Formula for Write the Formula for the following-the following-

Iron(III) SulfateIron(III) Sulfate

Zinc OxideZinc Oxide

Page 42: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

Naming Compounds(continued)

Naming Compounds(continued)

-- Compounds between two Compounds between two nonmetalsnonmetals-- First element First element in the formula is in the formula is named firstnamed first..-- Second element Second element is named as if it were an is named as if it were an anionanion..-- Use prefixesUse prefixes-- Never use Never use mono-mono-

PP22OO55 = = didiphosphorus phosphorus pentpentoxideoxide

Binary compounds (Type III):Binary compounds (Type III):

Page 43: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap
Page 44: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

AlkanesAlkanes

Page 45: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

02_31Binary compound?

Yes

Metal present?

No Yes

Type III:Use prefixes.

Does the metal formmore than one cation?

No Yes

Type I:Use the elementname for the cation.

Type II:Determine the charge of the cation;use a Roman numeral after theelement name for the cation.

Page 46: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

02_33

Does the anioncontain oxygen?

No Yes

hydro -+ anion root+ -ichydro (anion root)ic acid

Check the ending of the anion.

-ate

anion or element root+ -ous(root)ous acid

-ite

anion or element root+ -ic(root)ic acid

Page 47: Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. The Early History of Chemistry -Before 16th Century Alchemy: Attempts (scientific or otherwise) to change cheap

EndEnd


BOSTON UNIVERSITY CHAMBER ORCHESTRA · Alchemy – Variation A 6. Alchemy – Variation M 7. Alchemy – Variation N 8. Alchemy – Variation X 9. Alchemy – Variation Y. 10. Alchemy

50715422 Taoism Internal Alchemy Kohn Internal Alchemy

ALCHEMY - Standard Carpets...colourline alchemy - 754 alchemy - 755 alchemy - 778 alchemy - 795 alchemy - 796 alchemy - 762 alchemy - 771 alchemy - 773 alchemy - 775 alchemy - 777

Cheap Fake Rolex Couple cheap sale

Newton Alchemy

Alchemy Visualization in Medieval Alchemy

Chapter 2: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS. 4 Before 16th Century –Greeks: 4 fundamental substances: fire, earth, water, and air. –Alchemy: Attempts (scientific

Indian alchemy - Higher Intellectcdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/alchemy/Indian... · • Avaiyar's Vinayagar Agaval - Layne Little • Notes On Tantric Alchemy

Islamic Alchemy

(Taoism - Internal Alchemy) Kohn - Internal Alchemy

ALCHEMY 1 Alchemy: Ancient and Modern

ALCHEMY REDISCOVERED AND RESTORED - Horus …€¦ · sacred texts alchemy alchemy rediscovered and restored ... v. paracelsus vi. alchemy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Real Alchemy: A Primer of Practical Alchemy

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 The Early History of Chemistry 4 Before 16th Century – Alchemy: Attempts (scientific

Alchemy Series - atcloudspeakers.ro Alchemy gallery/elac alchemy ddp2 br… · Alchemy ™ Series Alchemy transforms your listening. The Alchemy DDP-2 combines three components in

Indian alchemy - Magia Metachemica · 2019. 12. 6. · Indian alchemy • Alchemy and the Tamil Siddhars - Joseph Caezza • Shaking the Tree: Kundalini Yoga, Spiritual Alchemy, &

Alchemy 101

Tao Alchemy

Jain Alchemy

Alchemy History

Newtons Alchemy

Trading Alchemy TrendCatcher Indicator Manual · 12/8/2017  · The Alchemy TrendCatcher indicator combines 2 separate trend modules, the Alchemy TrendDirection module and the Alchemy

The Metaphor of Alchemy and the Alchemy of Metaphorrobertromanyshyn.jigsy.com/files/documents/The-Metaphor-of-Alchemy-and... · alchemy. It is the logical conclusion of the images

Alchemy Journal Vol.4 No.3.cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/alchemy/Alchemy... · Mirror of the Alchemy, Roger Bacon said: "Alchemy is the science that teaches how

alchemy manual

WHEN NOBODY NEEDS TO KNOW - CannaVerse Solutions · familyfarm . native humboldt farms the . lchfm 'jane indica alchemy jane create sativa alchemy center alchemy alchemy jane center

HERMETIC ALCHEMY - Libro Esotericolibroesoterico.com/biblioteca/hermetismo_y_alquimia/- OTROS... · HERMETIC ALCHEMY What is Alchemy? The Hermetic Arcanum Alchemy and Hermetic Philosophy:

Attraction alchemy

Letter of Thanks - Alchemy – Master Aluminium with Alchemy

Byzantine alchemy

John Reid's Course on Practical Alchemy - The Eyethe-eye.eu/public/Books/Occult_Library/Alchemy/Practical Alchemy Course.pdf · John Reid's Course on Practical Alchemy Dedication

Cannabis Alchemy

Sweet alchemy

What is Alchemy - cdn.preterhuman.netcdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/alchemy/Alchemy... · What is Alchemy? The Introductory ... (The Secret Tradition in Freemasonry,

Alchemy Unit