chapter 2 - basic principles of the seismic method 01

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Overview ta3520 Introduction to seismics • Fourier Analysis • Basic principles of the Seismic Method • Interpretation of Raw Seismic Records • Seismic Instrumentation • Processing of Seismic Reflection Data • Vertical Seismic Profiles Practical: • Processing practical (with MATLAB)

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Page 1: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Overview ta3520Introduction to seismics

• Fourier Analysis• Basic principles of the Seismic Method• Interpretation of Raw Seismic Records• Seismic Instrumentation• Processing of Seismic Reflection Data• Vertical Seismic Profiles

Practical:• Processing practical (with MATLAB)

Page 2: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Types of seismic waves

Page 3: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Types of seismic waves: nomenclature

P-waves:

- compressional waves

- longitudinal waves

- Push-waves

- Primary waves

S-waves:

- shear waves

- transverse waves

- Shake waves

- Secondary waves

(physics)

(mathematics)

Page 4: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Types of seismic waves: nomenclature

P-waves: S-waves:

Page 5: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Seismic Waves

Medium 1

Medium 2(faster)

Page 6: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Huygens’ principle

Wavefront at time t

Wavefront at time t + Δt

ray

ray

Page 7: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Huygens’ sources

Page 8: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Snell’s Law (at boundary)

Page 9: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Snell’s Law for P- and S-waves

boundary

θtrans,P

θrefl,Pθinc,P

θtrans,S

θrefl,S

Page 10: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals

Page 11: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Seismic Waves

Medium 1

Medium 2(faster)

Page 12: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Seismic Waves

Page 13: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals

- Direct wave- Reflected wave- Refracted wave / Head wave

Derive each traveltime eq.

Page 14: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals: arrival times

Page 15: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Arrival times: time pointing downwardsdistance x

traveltime

direct

refraction

reflection

Page 16: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

The seismic record

Page 17: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Examples of records

On land At sea

Page 18: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

The wave equation (for P-waves)

Consider mass with volume ΔV

Page 19: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Desired:

Equations in terms of pressure (p) and particle velocity (v)

(pdf-file with eqs)

Page 20: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals at surfaceDirect waves:

- Direct P-wave in solid- Direct S-wave in solid- Direct P-wave through air (“air wave”)- Direct surface wave

..

Page 21: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Surface wave

Page 22: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Surface waveRayleigh wave: Love wave:

Page 23: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals at surfaceDirect waves:

- Direct P-wave in solid- Direct S-wave in solid- Direct P-wave through air (“air wave”)- Direct surface wave

In same medium:P-wave always faster than S-waveS-wave always faster than surface wave

So: cP > cS > cSurf

Page 24: Chapter 2 - Basic Principles of the Seismic Method 01

Different arrivals at surface

- Reflected waves:- Down-going P-wave and up-going P-wave- Down-going P-wave and up-going S-wave- Down-going S-wave and up-going P-wave- Down-going S-wave and up-going S-wave

- Refracted Waves / Head waves- Down-going P-, refracted P- and up-going P-wave- Down-going P-, refracted S- (If cS2 > cP1) and up-going P-wave- Down-going P-, refracted S- (If cS2 > cP1) and up-going S-wave-