chapter 2 biology the chemical basis of...
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Chapter 2 Biology
The Chemical Basis of Life
Do Now
Chapter 2 Biology
The Chemical Basis of Life
• Living organisms are made of matter
Matter
Matter is Made of Elements• Element –
Carbon
Hydrogen
Gold
Nitrogen
Lead Each element has
Phosphorous specific number of
Sulfur
Oxygen
Calcium
Potassium
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Elements of Life
CHNOPS• CHON – 96% of living mass
• P, S, Ca, and K make up most of rest of living matter
• 25 elements are found in trace amounts
You are worth $120.00 in raw
elements (70 kg individual)
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Helium (He)
nn
e-
p+
p+
e-Helium
Atomic / Proton Number
Equals Proton Number
Atomic Number = 2
Atomic Mass is About
Equal to
Atomic Mass =
Dalton
Da = 1.6605 X 10-27 kg
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Atomic Mass
• Proton = 1.6726 X 10-27 kg
• Neutron = 1.6750 X 10-27 kg
• Electron = 9.1094 X 10-31 kg
Electron = 1/1800 of proton
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Periodic Table
C
Carbon
12.001
62
4
Atomic
Number
Electron
Configuration
Atomic Mass
Atomic
Symbol
Do Now
Why are electrons so important ?
• Basis for bonding
- Electron shells like to be full
Shell 1 =
Shell 2 =
Shell 3 =
- Electrons
- Electrons
FALLING ELECTRONS
CAN BE HARNESSED
Atomic Structure
P = 1
N = 0
Wants to bond onceH2
H - H
Atomic Structure
P =
N =
O2
O = O
Atomic Structure
P =
N =NH3
H
N
H H
Atomic Structure
Carbon
P =
N =
CH4
H
H C H
H
Hydrogen Gas
Water Molecule
Sodium Chloride Molecule
Atoms Form Molecules
Molecule –
Compound –
O2 HCl
CO2 C6H12O6
H2O CH4
H2 NH3
C12H22O11 O3
Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Why Carbon ?• Carbon Wants to bond four times
• Carbon can make
CH4 - Methane
Carbon Molecules
PropanePropane
2,3 Dimethylbutane
Styrene
Cubane
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Carbon Molecules
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups Continued
Isomers
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energy.com/alkene.html
2 Butene
1Butene
C4H8
BUTENE
What Are Isomers?
• Why are they interesting?
Carbon Rings and Chains Have Different
Properties with
http://roguepundit.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83451d67c69e2011570905032970b-800wi
Methanol
Hydroxyl
Group
(OH)
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Organic Molecules• Organic molecules are made of monomers
• Monomers are linked to form polymers
Single unit of a sugar – Monosaccharide
Many sugars linked together - Polysaccharides
OHH
OHO OH HO OHOH HO
DWater
BONDING ORGANIC MOLECULES
OHH
OOHHO HO OH HO OH
H
Add
Water
DisaccharideTwo
Monosaccharides
B
glucose
2356 4 1
5
6
4
3 2
1
H
H
CH2OH
HO
OH
OH
O
H H
OH H
H
O OOOO
H H H
H
O
CCCCCCH
H
H
H H
H
H
OC
C
C
C
O
H
HH
HH
H
H
H O
O
C
C H
H
H
=
=
H
OO
Monosaccharide
galactose
HO OHHOCH2
CH2OH
HO
HO
fructose
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH2OH
H
OH
O
H HO
O
C6H12O6
ribose deoxyribose
H
HOCH2
H
OHOH
H H
H
HOCH2
H
OH
H H
H
OHOHOO
C5H10O5 C5H10O4
OHH
O
glucose fructose sucrose
HO
OHOCH2
OH
HO
CH2OH
H H
OH
H OH
H
H
O HO
O
CH2OH
H H
OH
H OH
H
HH
H
H
HOCH2 OHH
HOCH2H
H
H
HOCH2OH
O
OH
Dehydration
synthesis
O
2 Monosaccharides Sucrose a disaccharide
C12H22O11
H
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
OH
O
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
H H H H
H H HH
O
H HH
masses ofstarch globules
100 micrometers
Polysaccharide
H
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
OH H
OH
O
CH2OH
O
H
O
H
OH H
OH
H H H H
H H HH
O
H HH
Starch
Molecule
NOTE:
O
bundle of
cellulose
molecules
1 micrometer 1 micrometer
wood is mostly cellulose plant cell with cell wall close-up of cell wall
cellulose fiberindividual
cellulose
molecules
CH2OH
O
OH H
HH
O
HH OH
H
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
OH OH
OH
OHH
H
H
HH H
H
H
HH H
H
H
H H
OH
Note: Glucose orientation up then down
CH2OH
H
CH3
H N H
H
H N H
O
OH
O
N H
O
O
O
H
OH OH H
H H OH
H
H
H H
HO
N H
CH3
H
OH H
OH H
H
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O CO C
O C O C
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
Chitin
Insect exoskeleton
+
Cell wall of fungi
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What Are Lipids?• Oils, Fats, and Waxes Are Lipids
Containing Only Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
E
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Fat
Wax
C OHH
H
C OHH
C OHH
H
glycerol
O
HH
OHH
O
HH
3 watermolecules
CHC
O
C
O
C
O
C OH
H
C OH
OH
H
triglyceride
CH
CH2
etc.
etc.
etc.C
CH2CH2
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
C
O
HO
C
O
HO
fatty acids
CHC
O
HO
CH
etc.
etc.
etc.CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Triglyceride
Beef fat (saturated)
Saturated Fat
oleic acid
Linseed oil (unsaturated)
Polyunsaturated
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Phospholipids
• Phospholipids
H
• Water-Insoluble “Tails”
H
polar head fatty acid tailsglycerol
backbone
CH3 O
OO
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
(hydrophobic)(hydrophilic)
C-N-CH2-CH2-O-P-O-CH2 O
HC-O-C-
C-O-C-
CH3
H3
H2 CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH3
-CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH2CH3
CH2-
Phospholipids
Steroids
• 4 Carbon Rings
• Important Biological
Testosterone
Estrogen
HC
HC
HO
CH3
OH
HO
OH
O
cholesterol testosterone
estradiol
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
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What Are Proteins?
• L
• A
• C
• S
• S
Hair
Horn
Silk
AGroup
hydrogen
variablegroup
CGroup
O
CC
O
R
H
H
HH
N
Rest of Molecule
A
C
O
C
H
CH2
C
H
H2N
C
O OH
OH
CH2
glutamic acid (glu)
C
O
C
H
H2N
CH2
C
H
OH
CH2
CH2
NH
C NH
NH2
arginine (arg)
C
O
C
H
H2N
CH2
C
H
OH C
O
C
H
H2N
CH2
C
H
OH
hydrophilic
CH
CH3hydrophobic
leucine (leu)phenylalanine (phe)
C
O
CH2N C
H
OH
cysteine (cys)
forms
disulfide
bridgesCH2
SH
CH3
Polar
Non polar
Methyl
Groups
peptide
peptide
bond
amino acid
amino
group
amino
groupcarboxyl
group
amino acid
carboxyl
group
H2O
P - DSR
Two Amino
Acids Bonded
Together
(Dipeptide)
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Protein Structure
• Four Levels of Structure
– Primary –
– Secondary –
– Tertiary –
– Quarternary –
leu
val
lys
lys
gly
his
ala
lys
val
lys
pro
Primary
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Protein Primary Structure
AA AA AA AA
PRODUCE GLUCOSE FROM STARCH
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Protein Primary Structure
AAAA AAAA
PRODUCE STARCH FROM GLUCOSE
THE DOG / GOD HYPOTHESIS
gly
leu
val
lys
lys
gly
his
ala
lysval
lys
pro
Secondary
Pleated sheet
hydrogen
bond
polypeptide
R R R R R
RRRR
R R R
RRRR
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
CC
CC
CC
CCCC
CCCC
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
N N N N N N N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
R
R
H H H H
Secondary
TertiaryIron
Containing
Heme
Group
Hemoglobin
Subunit
ss
s-s
ss
s-ss-s
ss
keratin
http://prettyprettypretty.com/2009/12/08/in-the-news-the-curly-hair-gene/
Quaternary
C3032 H4816 O872 N280 S8 Fe4
gly
leuleu
val
val
lys
lys
lys
lys
gly
gly
his
his
ala
ala
lys
lys
val
lys
pro
val
lys
pro
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What Are Nucleic Acids?
• DNA and RNA
• Other
• Energy
• Coenzymes –
P O
O
OCH
H
OH
H HH
H
OH
HO
Deoxyribose nucleotide
phosphate
Nitrogen Base
Deoxyribose
Sugar
C
NCH
NC
C
N
HC
N
NH2
phosphate base
Nucleotide chain
sugar
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P O
O
OH
P O
O
OH
P O
O
OH
HO
C
NCH
NC
C
N
HC
N
CH2
H
O
H
OH OH
HH
NH2
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
(energy carrier)
Vitamin
P O
O
O
HO
CH2
H
O
H
OH OH
HH
P OHO
O
C
N CH
NC
C
N
HC
N
NH2
Coenzyme
(active in cellular
metabolism)
C
N CH
NC
C
N
HC
N
NH2
CH2
H
O
H
O OH
HH
O P
O
OH
Cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
(intracellular communication)
P O
O
OH
P O
O
OH
P O
O
OH
HO
Vitamin
C
NCH
NC
C
N
HC
N
CH2
H
O
H
OH OH
HH
P O
O
O
HO
CH2
H
O
H
OH OH
HH
P OHO
O
C
N CH
NC
C
N
HC
N
C
N CH
NC
C
N
HC
N
NH2NH2
NH2
CH2
H
O
H
O OH
HH
O P
O
OH
Cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
(intracellular communication)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
(energy carrier)
Coenzyme
(active in cellular
metabolism)