chapter 2: genetics mendel’s peas discreet units of inheritance (genes) genes inherited...
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Chapter 2: GeneticsMendel’s Peas
DiscreetUnits of
Inheritance(genes)
GenesInherited
Independently(Independent Assortment)
CellsCell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Diploid OrganismsHave
ChromosomesOrganized in
Homologous Pairs
Humans have 46 Chromosomes(23 Homologous Pairs)
Cell DivisionMitosis
MakingSomatic Cells
MeiosisMaking
Sex Cells
Diploid Daughter Cells Haploid Gametes(eggs & sperm)
Genes: DNAAlleles
(different varieties of genes)
Homozygous Heterozygous
• Genotype = the particular genes or alleles that an individual has
• Phenotype = the observable trait of a individual’s genotype
• Dominant = individuals with only one copy of the allele have the same phenotype
• Recessive = individuals need two copies of the allele, no effect in the heterozygotes
Terms
Mendel’s Peas AgainF0 to F1
ParentGeneration
(F0)
DaughterGeneration
(F1)
True Breeding for Seed ColorHomozygous
Genotypes = AA & aaPhenotype = Yellow & Green
HaploidSex Cells
Meiosis
Sex
HeterozygousGenotype = Aa
Phenotype = Yellow
Mendel’s Peas AgainF1 to F2
Meiosis
Sex
F1 GenerationGenotype = AaPhenotype = Yellow
F2
Generation
Punnett Square
A a
A
a
AA Aa
Aa aa
Genotype = 1:2:1 Phenotype = 3:1
Punnett Square
A a
A
A
AA Aa
AA Aa
Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1
Punnett Square
a a
A
A
Aa Aa
Aa Aa
Genotype = 1 Phenotype = 1
Punnett Square
a a
A
a
Aa Aa
aa aa
Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1:1
Punnett Square 2 Genes/Traits
ab ab
AB
AB
Aa AaBb Bb
Aa AaBb Bb
Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1:1
Punnett Square 2 Genes/Traits
AB Ab aB ab
ABAb
aBab
Genotype = All Different Phenotype = 9:3:3:1
AABB
AABb
AaBb
AaBB
AABb
AaBb
AaBB
AaBb
aaBB
aaBb
AaBb
Aabb
aaBb
AAbb
aabb
Aabb
Crossover
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
BackboneIs made of Phosphates& Sugars
Bases:
Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
AG
TC
TC
AG
Paired
Making an Exact Copy
Making a Protein
ATTCGACCG
UAAGCUGGC
DNAmRNA
mRNA
U A A G C U G G C
Amino Acid 2
Amino Acid 3
C G A
Amino Acid 1
A U U
C G G
tRNA
Cytoplasm