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Chapter 2: Globalization & Culture Slide 2 What is Globalization? Economic, social, political Horizontal and vertical expansion Is a cause and an effect of spatial interaction Five factors Global markets Technology Lower costs Mobility of capital Policy Slide 3 Source: wto.org Membership in the WTO, World Trade Organization Slide 4 The Global Flow of Capital MNCs/TNCs FDI Today: 82,000 MNCs with 810,000 foreign affiliates 1990s: 37,000 MNCs with 170,000 foreign affiliates Slide 5 Globalization & Popular Culture Defining Culture: material & nonmaterial What is popular culture? What is folk culture? Traditional views have seen these two as separate and distinct from one another. Are they? Cultural Landscapes Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Spatial Diffusion Relocation diffusion Contagious diffusion Hierarchical diffusion Stimulus diffusion Reverse hierarchical From CEO to other employees From larger to smaller cities Slide 12 The first Walmart opened in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas (pop 6000). Reverse hierarchical diffusion: Walmart openings 1970-74 Slide 13 His Lai Temple, Hacienda Heights Slide 14 Slide 15 Spatial InteractionEdward Ullman, 1954 Connections, relations that develop among places and regions as a result of the movement or flow of people, goods, or information Slide 16 Complementarity Short or long distances Oil from Saudi Arabia to markets in North America Your journey to a movie theater Spatial variability: not all places on earth have oil, not every corner has a movie theater Spatial variability may also be influenced by costwhere is it cheaper to produce a good/service? Transferability The cost of moving an item, and its relative value determine its transferability What types of goods have high transferability? What types have low transferability? What has changed to reduce the friction of distance? Intervening opportunities New location arises that can provide a good more economically Where do you go to fill up your car with gasoline? How is this impacted by accessibility? Is distance always the primary determinant of accessibility? Slide 17 Time-Space Convergence Distance Decay What has reduced the friction of distance? How does globalization alter accessibility and create time-space convergence? Slide 18 Impacts of Globalization on Culture HomogenizationThe Geography of Nowhere PlacelessnessEdward Relph Slide 19 Homogenization due to Americanization Americanization a function of global capitalism and American economic dominance Spread of values too? McDonaldization: spread of American fast food as a standard for how the world eats. Television, entertainment Clothing Coca-Colonization Global capitalism re-establishing colonial relationships MNCs create a hegemony with inherent power relations MNCs benefit from their global spread, not the individual countries Slide 20 Slide 21 Polarization Globalization has destabilized societies Backlash to the homogenization Rise of ethnic separatism, battles over identity Dangerousglobal terrorism, criminal networks Criticism of Polarization & Homogenization Theories Is uniformity inevitable? Is it really this simple? Neolocalismrenewed local awareness Flow of ideas and practices is not unilateral Slide 22 Flow is not always from the U.S. to other countries. The popularity of Japanese anime in North America, Europe and Australia is evidence of this. Resisting homogeneitylocal ordinances require buildings to conform with local aesthetics in Santa Fe, NM Slide 23 Glocalization The local-global nexus Both are changed Dynamic nature of local and global relations Local forces become globalized & global forces become localized! True heterogeneity or disguise for business as usual? Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Commodification of Culture What processes define cultural preferences? Who owns culture? How is culture connected to identity? Slide 28 Slide 29 Commodification of the past: heritage industry Dissonanceinconsistent Generates conflict, contestation Opposing uses of heritage (sacred site vs. tourism) Particularism whose heritage? Slide 30 Native Americans protest at the 100 year celebration of Oklahoma statehood (2007). Is there a Global Heritage? UNESCO World Heritage ListUNESCO World Heritage List