chapter 2 introduction to plants and literature...

Chapter - 2

INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS

AND LITERATURE REVIEW:

D. indica Linn. AND D. pentagyna Roxb.

Sec-

tion TITLE

Pg.

No.

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS 18-28

2.1.1. Taxonomical Classification 18

2.1.2. Family: Dilleniaceae 19

2.1.3. Genus: Dillenia Linn. 19

2.1.4. Dillenia indica Linnaeus and Dillenia pentagyna Roxburgh. 20

2.1.5. Occurrence and Distribution of D. indica and D. pentagyna 26

2.1.6. Phytoconstituents of D. indica and D. pentagyna 26

2.1.7. Therapeutic importance and general uses of D. indica and

D. pentagyna

27

2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW 29-40

2.2.1. Summary of reports regarding Pharmacognostical work 29

2.2.2. Summary of reports on Ethnomedicinal and / or

Ethnobotanical survey

30

2.2.3. Summary of reports on Phytochemical investigations 31

2.2.4. Summary of reports on Antimicrobial and/or Antibacterial

and/or Antioxidant properties

33

2.2.5. Summary of reports on Pharmacological activities 35

2.2.6. Summary of work on Pharmaceutical research 40

2.3. REFERENCES 40-46

Introduction to plants and Literature Review Chapter 2

18

2. INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW:

D. indica Linn. AND D. pentagyna Roxb.

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS

Detailed description of plants includes mainly its pharmacognostical, phytochemical

and pharmacological as well as therapeutic approach. Pharmacognostical description

required to identify plants which include morphological and microscopical evaluation.

Phytochemical reports give an idea about secondary metabolites present and

pharmacological and therapeutic approach includes usefulness of plants.

2.1.1 Taxonomical Classification

Plants are classified in several different ways, name indicates a plant's relationship to

other plants, and tells us about its place in the plant world rather than in the garden.

Usually, only the Family, Genus and species are of concern, but subspecies, variety or

cultivar are also included to identify a particular plant.

According to the botanical scheme of Engler, D. indica and D. pentagyna is classified

as per figure 2.1. [Metcalfe CR & Chalk C, 1983].

FIGURE 2.1 Taxonomical classification of D. indica and D. pentagyna


19

2.1.2 Family: Dilleniaceae

Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, rarely herbs; hairs sclerified and/or silicified,

sometimes fasciculate. Leaves simple, rarely pinnatisect or pinnately compound,

usually spirally arranged, rarely opposite, petiolate; stipules absent; petiole sometimes

winged; leaf blade leathery, herbaceous, or membranous, margin entire or serrate.

Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, occasionally zygomorphic, solitary

or in racemes, panicles or cymes. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent, usually leathery or

fleshy, sometimes accrescent in fruit. Petals 5 or fewer, white, yellow, or red,

imbricate, crumpled in bud. Stamens numerous (or 1–10), developing centrifugally,

free or united basally and then in fascicles; staminodes often present; anthers

basifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, apical clefts, or apical pores. Gynoecium (1

or)2–7(–20)-carpellate, superior; carpels free or hemisyncarpous; stylodia free,

apically stigmatic; ovules 1 to numerous, anatropous; placentation submarginal, or

basal when ovules 1 or 2. Fruit a follicle, polyfollicle, berry, or capsule, or indehiscent

and enclosed by fleshy sepals. Seeds 1 to numerous; endosperm copious, oily; embryo

very small. [Kirtikar KR & Basu BD, 1999]

Family composed of around genera 16 and Species 400 in Tropical and Subtropical

regions.

2.1.3 Genus: Dillenia Linn.

Trees, rarely shrubs, evergreen or rarely deciduous. Bark red, gray, or brown. Leaves

simple, alternate, to 50 cm, with or without persistent or deciduous amplexicaul

wings. Flowers solitary or in few- to many-flowered racemes, large. Sepals (4 or)5(–

18), fleshy, often accrescent. Petals (4 or)5(–7) or absent. Stamens very numerous,

inner often with longer anthers than outer; anthers dehiscing by 2 (sub)apical pores or

less often by 2 longitudinal slits, connective narrow, linear. Carpels partially joined,

4–20, adnate to conical receptacle; ovules 1 to numerous per carpel. Fruit enclosed by

enlarged sepals, carpels dehiscing along ventral suture or indehiscent. Seeds usually

only 1 or few per carpel, arillate or not.

Around 30 species: In Indo-China the calyces of D. baillonii Pierre, D. indica Linn.

and D. ovata Wall. are made into Jellies and cooling drinks; the bark is used

medicinally. [Kirtikar KR & Basu BD, 1999]


20

2.1.3.1 List of plant species belonging to genus Dillenia

Below mentioned are different plant species belonging to family Dilleniaceae found

to be growing in many forest regions of India. [Kirtikar KR &Basu BD, 1935b;

Hooker JD, 1885]

2.1.4 Dillenia indica Linnaeus and Dillenia pentagyna Roxburgh.

Table 2.1 shows synonyms as well as vernacular names of plant species Dillenia

indica Linnaeus (D. Indica) and Dillenia pentagyna Roxburgh (D. pentagyna) found

to be used through out India.

TABLE 2.1 Vernacular names of Dillenia indica and Dillenia pentagyna

Language Dillenia indica Dillenia pentagyna

Synonym Dillenia speciosa Thunberg. Dillenia hainanensis Merrill.

English Elephant apple Dog Teak

Sanskrit Bhavya, ruvya ---

Hindi Chalta, girnar Aggai, Kallai

Gujarati &

Marathi

Karmbel, Mota Karmal, Mota

Karambal

Karmal

Bengali Chalta, Hargesa Korkotta

Assam Chalita, Outenga Akshi

Uriya Uvu, Chalota, Ou, Rai Rai

Nepali Ramphal, Panchphal, Panchkule Tatri

Telugu Peddakalinga Chinnakalinga, Ravudana

Tamil Akku, Ugakkay, uva, uvav,

uvatteku Naytekku

Kannada Betta Kanigala, Kondukanagala Kanigala, Kadu-Kanigala

Malyalam Chalitha, Punna, Syalitha,

valapunna Punna, Kodapunna

Burma Thabyu, thibuta, Zinbrun,

Zinpyunngan ---

Trade --- Dillenia

D. aurea

D. auriculata

D. beccariana

D. biflora

D. castanez!olia

D. cyclopensis

D. diantha

D. indica

D. ingens

D. megalantha

D. montana

D. nalagi

D. ovata

D. papuana

D. parviflora

D. pentagyna

D. philippinensis

D. pulchella

D. quercifolia

D. retusa

D. reticulata

D. salomonensis

D. scabrella

D. suffruticosa

D. sumatrana

D. triquetra

D. turbinata

D. eximia


21

2.1.4.1 Morphological description of Dillenia indica Linn.

Habit: Middle sized evergreen trees up to 30 m tall, ca. 1.2 m d.b.h., trunk

straight but not high, branches spreading, forming round, shady head

(Figure 2.4a)

Bark: Bark reddish brown, exfoliating; young branchlets brown pubescent,

glabrescent; leaf scars obvious.

Leaves: Fascicled at the ends of branches, the nerves close, running into

serratures, not forking at the margins, upper surface and nerves beneath

more or less pubescent; Petiole narrowly winged, 2.5-5 cm long,

channeled, sheathing, leaf blade oblong or obovate-oblong, 15–40 × 7–

14 cm, secondary veins (20–)30–40(–70) on either side, parallel,

margin serrate (Figure 2.4b).

Flower: Flowers solitary, 12–20 cm in diameter, more than 5 cm in diam. in

bud. Sepals 5, approximately rounded, orbicular, concave, 4–6 cm in

diameter, thickly fleshy. Petals white, obovate, 7–9 cm. Stamens in 2

distinct groups, outer very numerous, slightly curved in bud, inner ca.

25, apically reflexed outward in bud; anthers dehiscing with 2 pores.

Carpels 16–20; stylodia spreading; ovules many per carpel. Flowering

in May-June (Figure 2.4c).

Fruit: Aggregate fruit globose, 10–15 cm in diameter, indehiscent, persistent

sepals, fleshy, slightly swollen. Fruiting in July-August, ripens in

NovemberDecember (Figure 2.4d.)

Seeds: Seeds 5 or more per carpel, exarillate, imbedded in glutinous pulp,

compressed, with hairy margins. The fruit of this species is edible.

[Panda H, 2009; Nadkarni KM & Nadkarni AK, 1954; Shah GL, 1978; Khanum et al.,

2007; Khare CP, 2007; Rastogi RP et al., 2001; Metcalfe CR & Chalk C, 1983;

Kirtikar KR & Basu BD, 1999; Kirtikar KR & Basu BD,1984]


22

2.1.4.2 Morphological description of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.

Habit: Deciduous trees to 15 m tall, to 1 m d.b.h (Figure 2.5a).

Bark: Bark smooth, gray, exfoliating; branchlets glabrous, stout.

Leaves: Petiole 2–5 cm, glabrous, with narrow wings; leaf blade oblong to

obovate-oblong, 20–60 × 10–25 cm, leathery, secondary veins 25–50

on either side, margin with shallowly undulate teeth (Figure 2.5b).

Flower: 2–7, small, fascicled at top of lateral spurs, 2–3 cm in diameter, less

than 2 cm in diameter in bud; pedicels 2–4 cm, bractlets deciduous.

Sepals 5, Petals 5, yellow, obovate. Stamens in 2 distinct groups, outer

60–90, 3–4 mm, slightly curved in bud, inner ca. 10, reflexed, 6–9 mm;

anthers dehiscing with longitudinal slits. Carpels 5 or 6, 3.5–4 mm in

diam.; stylodia spreading; ovules 5–20 per carpel. Pseudocarp

indehiscent, yellow, orange, or red; carpels each 1(or 2)-seeded.

Flowering in April-May (Figure 2.5c).

Fruits: Fruit globose, 0.5–1 cm in diameter, indehiscent, greenish when fresh

(Figure 2.5d).

Seeds: Exarillate.

[Panda H, 2009; Nadkarni KM, Nadkarni AK, 1954; Shah GL, 1978; Khanum A et

al., 2007; Khare CP, 2007; Metcalfe CR & Chalk C, 1983; Kirtikar KR & Basu BD,

1999; Kirtikar KR & Basu BD,1984]


23

FIGURE 2.2 Plate of Dillenia indica Linn. [Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, 1918]

FIGURE 2.3 Plate of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. [Staflue FA et al., 1973]


24

FIGURE 2.4 Dillenia indica Linn.[A] Tree [B] leaves [C] flower [D] fruit


25

FIGURE 2.5 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. [A] Tree [B] leaves [C] flower [D] fruit


26

2.1.5 Occurrence and Distribution of D. indica and D. pentagyna

Dillenia indica: Distributed in valleys, stream sides, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos,

Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. In India,

distributed in sub Himalayan tract of Assam, and North Bengal, Bihar, Orrissa,

Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat.

Dillenia pentagyna: Distributed in rain forests, thickets, hills; below 400 m. Hainan,

Yunnan in Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

In India, distributed in Himalayan terai from Punjab to Assam, South India,

Andamans, Gujarat, Mizoram and West Bengal. (Khanum A et al., 2007; Khare CP,

2007)

2.1.6 Phytoconstituents of D. indica and D. pentagyna

It has been observed that different parts of these plants found to contain many

different primary and secondary metabolites. D. indica and D. pentagyna are rich

source of triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and various other phytoconstituents. Stem

bark of D. indica contains 10% tannin and D. pentagyna contains 7% tannins,

dillenetin (Figure 2.6a), different parts of these plants reported to contain flavanoids

like kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnatin, naringenin-7 galactosyl (1-4) glucoside and

rhamnetin-3-glucoside; terpenoids like lupeol, mallic acid, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol,

phenolics, betulinic acid, betunaldehyde (Figure 2.6b), flavonoids like rhamnetin,

dihydro-isorhamnetin, lupeol, myricetin, naringenin, quercetin derivatives and

glucoside. [Shah GL, 1978; Khanum A et al., 2007; Khare CP, 2007; Gandhi D and

Mehta P, 2013]

FIGURE 2.6 Phytoconstituents of both plants (a) Dillenetin (b) Betulinic acid


27

2.1.7 Therapeutic importance and general uses of D. indica and D. pentagyna

Both plant species of Genus Dillenia are found to have potential traditional and

medicinal benefits in many diseases and disorders. [Rastogi RP & Mehrotra BN,

2001; Janick J & Paull RE, 2008; Rai K, 2010, Gandhi D and Mehta P, 2013]

Whole Plant: Aphrodisiac and promotes virility, fever, decoction of this plant can be

used as an universal antidote for poison. Laxative, Appetizer,

Astringent, Heart Tonic

Leaf: Astringent, dysentery, in constipation, 50% ethanolic extract shows

antiamphetamine activity.

Stem-bark: Used for sores caused by mercury poisoning, chronic progredient sores

and carbuncle, and as a prophylactic at the cholera season; spraying

water, containing stem extract, on and around the wound caused by

spider bite helps in removing the poison, in constipation, astringent.

Fruit: Green fruit is acidic, pungent, hot, removes wind, phlegm, but the ripe

fruit is sweet, sour, appetizing and beneficial in colic associated with

mucous; curing dandruff and checking falling of hairs, weakness, as

tonic, sweet, acidic, astringent, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and

flatulence; cardiotonic, tasteful. Juice of fruit mixed with sugar and

water serves as a cooling beverage in fever, fit, and as a cough syrup;

juice of ripe fruit removes flatulence, increases quantity of semen,

galactogogue, combats weakness, external application helps

suppuration of boil, and checks loss of hair.

Seed: Seed-oil: antifungal, and its unsaponifiable matter antibacterial, Seed-

extract: antimicrobial.

Mucilage: On wounds of burns

Root: As prophylactic at the cholera season, an ingredient of a medicine for

burning sensation in the chest. Root (bark extract) used in food

poisoning; Root-bark (paste) along with leaf paste applied externally in

sprains; Young root is used as an astringent.

Fleshy calyx: In stomach disorders


28

In addition to therapeutic and pharmacological uses of these plants; these plants are

also found to have few non-medicinal uses like green leaves used as feed for tusser

silk worms, leaves of D. pentagyna as a green manure, dried leaves as substitute to

sandpaper. Wood and timber has been used for house-posts, planks and rafters for

internal work; also for preparing tool-handles, boats, cupboards and paneling. Bark

yields fiber used for cordage. A Cot or bed is made from wood for sleeping to ward

off the evil spirit and to know forth coming events. The tribal communities of

Vindhya region, Madhya Pradesh, India worship the plant on ‘Dipavali’ festival day

thinking it as Goddess Luxmi. A statue or picture of God or Goddess is placed on

stool or stand prepared from its wood [Dubey PC et al., 2009].


29

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review includes collection of references available regarding the subject matter

from all classical, modern literature, contemporary texts and other available sources

like research and review journals, internet were reviewed. Detailed review on both

plants has been mentioned here which includes pharmacognostical, phytochemical,

microbiological, pharmacological and pharmaceutical approach of both plant species.

Following research work has been reported on both plant species Dillenia indica and

Dillenia pentagyna:

2.2.1 Summary of reports regarding Pharmacognostical work

Author/s Details of publication

Dickison WC,

1979

A note on the wood anatomy of Dillenia (Dilleniaceae). The

wood anatomy of 31 species of Dillenia is described and

discussed with reference to environmental factors.

Shome U et al.,

1979

The paper deals with pharmacognosy of the leaf of D.

indica. The characters studied in detail include both

macroscopic and microscopic characters; physical and other

constants, such as stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein islet

numbers, vein termination numbers, ash values, percentages

of tannins, total sugars and reducing sugars. Preliminary

phytochemical tests, TLC and fluorescence tests have also

been carried out.

Shome U et al.,

1980

Anatomy of Dillenia indica Linn fruit, pedicel, pollen and

seed as well as ash value, acid value, tannins, sugars and

extractive values was performed. Qualitative detection of

broad chemical constituents of various extractives, TLC and

fluorescence tests were carried out. They also reported

nutritive and medicinal properties, traditional and

pharmacological uses of Dillenia indica.


30

Dubey PC et al.,

2009

Detailed information of ethno-botanical uses of Dillenia

pentagyna Roxb. which accounts ethnical use in study area.

Kumar S et al.,

2011a

Microscopical evaluation revealed the presence of anomocytic

stomata, unicellular, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate

crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Leaf constants, Physiochemical

parameters, Preliminary phytochemical screening and

physiochemical analysis of Dillenia indica leaf has

performed.

2.2.2 Summary of reports on Ethnomedicinal/Ethnobotanical survey


Kala CP, 2005

The present study was resulted in the documentation of 158

medicinal plant species used by the Apatani group of villages

and species were distributed across 73 families and 124

genera. It has been mentioned that about 52 types of ailments

were cured by using these 158 medicinal plant species.

Majumdar K et

al., 2006

The paper deals with 33 medicinal plants along with their

local names, parts and ethno-medicinal uses prescribed by

tribal and non-tribal medicine men of Tripura state. They

mentioned use of bark paste Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae).

Anisuzzaman M

et al., 2007

An ethnobotanical study in "Garo" ethnic community living in

the Madhupur, Tangail district has been carried out. During

the survey, 86 Plant taxa belonged to 84 genera under 46

families were mentioned by them having economic

importance, of which only the ethno-medicinal values of them

were highlighted.

Pradhan BK, et

al. 2008

This paper reports 118 species, belonging to 71 families and

108 genera, under ethno-medicinal utility by the Lepchas for

curing approximately 66 ailments, which could be grouped

under 14 broad categories.

Kumar B et al., The present review thus attempts to analyze the ethno-


31

2007 botanical knowledge base for treatment of cuts and wounds

which includes a usage of plants, methods employed by tribal

and folklore practices prevailing in India.

Das S et al.,

2009

In the study, 57 medicinal plant species belonging to 45

genera and 36 families have been recorded including Dillenia

pentagyna.

Kala CP, 2009

Total of 73 ethno-botanical species used by tribal and

nontribal communities were documented, of these 36 species

were used in curing different types of diseases and 22 were

used as edible food plants. They have mentioned Dillenia

pentagyna fruits are edible.

GhimireK

&Basrakoti RR,

2009

Reported ethno-medicinal uses of 110 plants species

belonging to 52 families were documented from the study.

Amongst those plants D. pentagyna bark used in case of pain,

swelling of the body, bark juice applied locally in tick bites.

Sharma UK et

al., 2011

A study of the plants related to magico religious beliefs in

Dobur Uie of Mising (tribal society) is carried out. The results

revealed the use of 30 plants belonging to 23 families. All

plant species are used both in religious purpose as well as in

the treatment of different ailments.

2.2.3 Summary of reports on Phytochemical investigations


Bate-Smith EC

& Harbone JB et

al., 1971

Examination of flavonoids content in fresh tissue of six other

Dillenia species showed some discrepancies from the results

reported using herbarium leaf.

Hungund BL&

Pathak CH, 1971

Dillenia pentagyna stem contains tannins while alkaloids and

saponins are absent while leaves does not contain any of

them.

Banerji N et al.,

1975 A new pentacyclic triterpene lactone from Dillenia indica.


32

Pavanasasivam

G&Sultanbava

US, 1975

Chemical investigation of Ceylonese plants. Part XI (+)-3,4

,5,7-tetrahydroxy-3 -methoxyflavanone and 3,5,7-trihydroxy-

3 ,4 -dimethoxy-flavone (dillenetin): two new natural products

from Dillenia indica L.

Tiwari KP et al.,

1979 Pigments from the stem bark of Dillenia indica.

Dan S& Dan SS,

1980

Betulin, betulinic acid, lupeol and β-sitosterol content of

leaves of twelve species of Dilleniaceae has been reported.

Mukherjee

KS&Badruddoza

S, 1981

Petroleum ether extract of leaves of Dillenia indica Linn.

Afforded cycloartenol, n-hentriacontanol, sitosterol and

betulin.

Srivastava BK

&Pande CS,

1981

Ethanolic extract of bark of Dilleniaindica afforded two

flavonoids viz., kaempferol glucoside (C22H22O11,mp 238-

240°) and quercetine derivative (C17H14O7,mp 238°)as well as

triterpenoids derivative.

Tiwari KP et al.,

1980

The stems of Dillenia pentagyna afforded a new saponins

(C36H58O7, m.p. 290°) which has been identified as alpha-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-3-beta- hydroxyl-lup20(29)-en-28-oic acid.

Srivastava SD,

1981

Two new flavonoids glycosides, naringenin 7-galactosyl

glucoside (m.p. 142-145°) and quercetin 5-galactoside (m.p.

79-82°) along with rhamnetin-3-glucoside from the stem

tissue of Dillenia pentagyna.

Srivastava

SK&Srivastava

SD, 1984

Reported isolation of new diterpene dipoloic acid from stem

of Dillenia pentagyna using column chromatography after

fractionation with benzene.

Parvin N et al.,

2009

Lupeol, betulinaldehyde, betulinic acid and stigmasterolwere

isolated from the stem extract of Dillenia indica Linn. and

antimicrobial as well as cytotoxicity studies has been

performed on different prepared extracts.

Muhit A et al.,

2010

They reported isolation and identification of four compounds

dillenetin, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol from leaves

of Dillenia indica.


33

2.2.4 Summary of reports on Antimicrobial and/or Antibacterial and/or

Antioxidant properties


Uppalapati L &

Rao JT, 1979

Acetone and alcoholic extracts of seeds showed good activity

against bacterial while chloroform extract was found to have

mild activity. Seeds showed presence of fixed oil, colouring

matter, sterols, glycosides, saponins, proteins, free amino

acids, sugars, free acids and tannins.

Uppalapati L

&Rao JT, 1980

The fixed oil from seeds did not exhibit any activity against

most test bacteria except Vibrio cholera. However it exhibited

mild antifungal activity against some fungi. The

unsaponifiable matter inhibited the growth of test bacteria and

fungi (Helmintho sporium sp. and Trichoderma viridae).

Abdille H, 2005

In the present study the fruit of Dillenia indica was extracted

with ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The total phenolic

content and antioxidant activity of the extracts was assayed

through some in vitro models.

Arbianti R et al.,

2007

The object of this research was to get the optimum extraction

method to obtain antioxidant compounds from Dillenia indica

leaves. The methods that compared were sonication, soxhlet,

and high-pressure extraction.

Gogoi DK et al.,

2008

An endophytic fungus, associated with tropical tree

species Dillenia indica Linn., has a broad-spectrum

antimicrobial property against human and plant pathogenic

microorganisms. The fungus was identified as Hypocrea spp.

NSF-08, a teleomorphic genus of Trichoderma, based on

morphological, sporulation and molecular characteristics

Haque E et al.,

2008

The antibacterial, antifungal activity and Brine shrimp

lethality test of the crude extracts of stem bark

Dilleniapentagyna as well as for the isolated pure compounds

were determined in vitro by disc diffusion technique.


34

Manosroi J et al.,

2008

This study has aimed to screen the cytotoxicic activities of

selected Thai Lanna medicinal plant recipes from the Thai

Lanna Medicinal Plant Recipe Database (T/LMPRD) on

human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine

leukemia (P388) cell lines using SRB assay.

HaqueE et al.,

2011

The methanolic extract along with some organic soluble

fractions of the bark of Dillenia indica Linn. were tested

against four Gram-positive and seven Gram-negative bacteria

and against three pathogenic fungi.

Deepa N& Jena

BS, 2011

In this study, antioxidant activity of the extract from

the barks of Dillenia indica was evaluated by various in vitro

methods. The bark of D. indica was extracted with 70%

aqueous acetone. The total phenolic content was determined

by Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity was

assayed through various in vitro methods such

as antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum method,

radical scavenging activity.

Anwana ED et

al., 2012

The methano-aqueous extracts of ten common medicinal

plants used by traditional medicine men in nine communities

of the area were assayed for antimicrobial activity. Four

bacteria species and one fungus were used as in-vitro test

organisms. Results of the tests using the diameter of zone of

inhibition showed that three i.e. Senna alata and Dillenia

indica and Grewia megalocarpa of the total plant assayed at a

concentration of 2 mg/ml exhibited some level of activity

against Staphylococcus aureus only.


35

2.2.5 Summary of reports on Pharmacological activities


Rosangkima G &

Prasad SB, 2004

Total five plants, three from Mizoram (Dillenia pentagyna,

Ageratum conyzoides, Blumea lanceolaria) and two from

Meghalaya (Potentilla fulgens, Taxus baccata) were studied

for their antitumour activity against murine ascites Dalton's

lymphoma (DL) in vivo. Only three plants showed the

different magnitude of antitumour activity including D,

pentagyna. Methanol extract showed maximum activity and

decrease in glutathione levels in Dalton’s lymphoma cells is

observed.

Rosangkima G &

Prasad SB, 2006

Antitumor and antimutagenic potentials of Dillenia pentagyna

Roxb. stem bark extract was investigated in murine model.

Among different doses of aqueous and methanol extracts

studies

Rosangkima G

and Prasad SB

2007a

(I)

Changes in endogenous glutathione level associated with the

antitumor activity of the stem bark extract of Dillenia

pentagyna against murine ascites Dalton’s lymphoma. Plant

extract treatment causes an increase in the level of glutathione

in kidney, spleen and testes while a significant decrease was

found in liver and Dalton’s lymphoma (DL) cells. It was

proposed that the decreased level of GSH may partially be due

to decreased GR activity in Dalton’s lymphoma cells, and

may contribute to the antitumor potential of Dillenia

pentagyna.

Rosangkima G &

Prasad SB,

2007b

(E)

The study is performed to evaluate level of sialic acid and

lipid peroxidation in Dalton’s lymphoma-bearing mice so as

to explore their role in antitumour activity of D. pentagyna. D.

pentagyna mediated release of sialic acid from the surface of

DL cells and decrease in the degree of cell agglutination with

conA and wheat germ agglutinin suggested the occurrence of


36

topographical changes on the cell surface and rendering them

more immunogenic or accessible to the cells of immune

system in the hosts.

Rosangkima

Gand Prasad SB

2007c (J)

They determined the effect of Dillenia pentagyna extract

treatment on some hematological parameters, and

microscopical studies on the tumor-leukocyte interaction in

Dalton’s lymphoma-bearing mice in order to find their

possible role in the antitumor activity of Dillenia pentagyna.

Leukocyte infiltration towards the tumor cells was also

observed after plant extract treatment, and the plant extract

treatment also caused the appearance of membrane vacuoles

and plasma membrane disintegration leading to cell lysis.

Rosangkima G et

al., 2008c

(C)

The aim of study was to determine the antitumor potential of

Dillenia pentagyna in Dalton’s lymphoma-bearing mice and

level of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. A

significant decrease in level of GSH, glutathione reductase

and glutathione peroxide activities were noted in DL cells in

plant extract treatment.

Rosangkima G et

al., 2008a

(D)

Effect of Dillenia pentagyna extract on sialic acid content and

agglutinability of normal and tumor cells with concanavalin A

and wheat germ agglutinin. The plant extract treatment

decreases DL cells agglutinability with concanavalin A and

wheat germ agglutinin in vitro and in vivo.

Rosangkima G et

al. 2008b

(G)

The studies on the evaluation of some medicinal plants from

north-eastern India, particularly, Meghalaya, Assam and

Mizoram, to ascertain their anticancer activity has also been

undertaken. Out of many plants being used, Dillenia

pentagyna, Potentilla fulgens and Oroxylum indicum showed

promising antitumor potential against murine tumor system.

Rosangkima G

and Prasad SB

2008

Inhibitory effects of Dillenia pentagyna stem bark extract on

the genotoxic potential of cisplatin (CIS) and benzo[α]pyrene

(B[a]P). The animals from different treatment groups were


37

(H) used for the study of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus

and sperm abnormality assays. Treatment with extract reduced

CIS and (B[a]P) mutagenicity.

Rongpi T et al.,

2008

Antitumor potentials of Dillenia pentagyna and Potentilla

fulgens in Dalton’s lymphoma bearing mice.

Prasad SB et al.,

2009 (F)

Antitumor and antimutagenic potentials of Dillenia pentagyna

Roxb. stem bark extract was investigated in murine model.

Dillenia pentagyna-mediated increase in erythrocyte count,

leukocyte count and haemoglobin content were observed in

tumor-bearing host. Higher level of leukocytes infiltration

towards tumor cells and appearance of membrane

disintegration and formation of membrane vacuoles on the

tumor cells were also noted after plant extract treatment.

Yeshwante SB et

al., 2009a

The anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract

of Dillenia indica Linnaeus (Family Dilleniaceae) leaves were

observed in various experimental models related to

inflammation.Anti-inflammatory activity was observed in

carrageenan-induced edema and acetic acid-induced capillary

permeability.

Yeshwante SB et

al., 2009b

Evaluation of the anti-diarrheal activity using aqueous and

methanolic extracts of Dillenia indica leaves. The anti-

diarrheal activity was evaluated using Castor oil induced

diarrhea model and different parameters such as onset of

diarrhea and total number of feaces for the period of 4 hours.

were observed.

Kumar D et al.,

2010

Performed anti-leukemic activity of prepared extract of

Dillenia indica L. fruits in human leukemic cell lines U937,

HL60 and K562 and the quantitative estimation of betulinic

acid was approached in methanolic extract and fractions using

HPLC.

Reddy KH et al.,

2010

The study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective

effect and safety evaluation of hexane extract of Dillenia


38

indica seed in wistar albino rats. The seed extract produced

significant (p<0.01) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the

activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, urea, creatinine and lipid

peroxidation and significantly (p<0.01) increased the level of

SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, GSH, Vitamin C and E and

protein.

Bose UK et al.,

2010

The crude methanol extract of the roots of Dillenia indica

Linn. Were investigated analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and GI

motility tests taking methanolic extracts of Dillenia

indicaLinn. The crude extract produced significant

antidiarrhoeal effect at the dose of 500 mg kg-1 of body

weight comparable to that produced by loperamide, used as

standard drug. The extract also reduced significantly the

charcoal induced Gastro Intestinal (GI) motility in mice;

decreased the movement of GI tract in comparison to control

animals.

Rahman A et al.,

2011

The crude methanol extract of the roots of Dillenia indica

Linn. (Family: Dilleniaceae) was investigated for its possible

Antinociceptive, antidiarrhoeal and GI motility tests in animal

models. The crude extract produced significant antidiarrhoeal

effect at the dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight comparable to

that produced by Loperamide, used as standard drug. The

extract also reduced significantly the charcoal induced Gastro

Intestinal (GI) motility in mice; decreased the movement of

GI tract in comparison to control animals.

Kumar S et al.,

2011b

The study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic and

hypolipidemic activities of bioactive fraction (ethyl acetate

fraction) of Dillenia indica methanolic extract in experimental

diabetic Wistar rats. Dillenia indica methanolic extract at 400

mg/kg body weight has prominent antidiabetic effect in

experimental type-1 and type-2 diabetes models in rats. It may

therefore be used as an alternative remedy for the treatment of

diabetes mellitus.


39

Kumar S et al.,

2011c

Investigated antidiabetic, hypolipidemic histopathological

analysis of Dillenia indica methanolic leaves (DIME) extract

in alloxan induced diabetic rat by administering oral doses

(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). Blood glucose levels were

measured using blood glucose test strips with elegance

glucometer on weekly intervals till the end of study (i.e. 3

weeks). Other parameters e.g. liver profile, renal profile and

total lipid levels were determined in normal and alloxan

induced diabetic rats after oral administration of the extract

for 21 days.

Migliato KF et

al., 2011

This study evaluated the wound healing activity of a glycolic

extract of Dillenia indica (GED) prepared from the mature

fruits of the plant applied alone or in combination with

microcurrent stimulation to skin wounds surgically induced

on the back of Wistar rats.

Lahkar M et al.,

2011

This study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like

activity of hydro ethanolic extract prepared from the leaves of

Dillenia indica in experimental models of anxiety in Mice.

Different models of anxiolytic activity viz. hole board, open

field, elevated-plus maze and light/dark exploration models

were used.

Domenico LD et

al., 2011

This study evaluated the wound healing activity of a glycolic

extract of Dillenia indica prepared from the mature fruits of

the plant applied alone or in combination with microcurrent

stimulation to skin wounds surgically induced on the back of

Wistar rats. Microcurrent application alone or combined with

GED exerted significant effects on wound healing in this

experimental model.


40

2.2.6 Summary of work on pharmaceutical research


Metia PK

&Bandyopadhya

y AK, 2008

Novel mucoadhesive buccal tablets (NMBT) of oxytocin were

prepared as core in cup fashion to release the drug

unidirectionally towards the buccal mucosa. Adhesive cups

were prepared with mucilage isolated from edible Dillenia

indica fruits. Shear, tensile and peel strengths of prepared

adhesive cups were estimated on freshly excised bovine

buccal mucosa.

Sharma H, et al.

2010

The purpose of this study was to prepare Pantoprazole loaded

microbeads by ionotropic gelation technique using sodium

alginate and natural Mucoadhesive substance from the fruit of

Dillenia indica followed by a coating with Eudragit L100-55.

Almost spherical microbeads obtained with sufficient

swelling, Mucoadhesive property and acid resistance.

Dissolution study followed at phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 8

h.

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