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CHAPTER 2: LOCOMOTION & SUPPORT

AXIAL SKELETON(1) Skull

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SKELETO

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Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton

three types

HUMAN SKELETON

two main parts

Axial Skeleton Appendicular

Skeletonconsists of consists of

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(2) Vertebral Column

(3) Ribs & Sternum

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON

1) Pectoral Girdle

(2) Humerus

(3) Ulna

(4) Radius

(5) Pelvis Girdle

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(6) Femur

(7) Tibia (8) Fibula

Movement in a Limb

Done by skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscles produce movements by pulling tendons attached tobones

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Structure of JointJoint : place where two or more bones meetLigament : - hold bones together

- elastic, allow bones to move at thejoint

- prevent dislocation of the ointsduring movement

Synovial joint : - joint that contains a cavity filledwith fluid- allow free movement

Joint capsule : - a joint enclosure, reinforced by

and strengthen with ligaments- inner surface is lined with a

thin synovial membraneSynovial membrane : - secretes synovial fluid into

the synovial cavitySynovial fluid : - acts as a lubricant which reduces

friction between end of bonesCartilage : - covers the end of bone

- cushions the joints, absorbs shock,reduces friction

Type of joints : - hinge joint (movement of bones inone plane : elbow, finger bones)

- ball-and-socket joint(rotational movement of bonesin all direction : shoulder joint)

Tendon : attach muscle to bones

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Muscles workin pairs (antagonistic pairs) when one muscle contract theother relaxes

Structure of a Muscle

Impaired Musculoskeletal Sytem on Support and Locomotion

The Mechanism of Locomotion in Animals

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(1) Animal with hydrostatic skeleton

(2) Animal with an exsoskeleton

(3) Animal with an endoskeleton

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Support in Plants

Aquatic plants Terrestrial plants

Submerged plants

Floatting plants

Herbacceous plants

Woody plants