chapter 2 not responsible for section 10 section 8 we will talk about, but not focus

Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics

Chapter 2Not responsible for Section 10Section 8 we will talk about, but not focusHomework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15Problem Set 1 due 4/17

http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf

Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10

Phonetics

Slide 1


The study of speech soundsArticulatory or acoustic phoneticsSpeech sounds = phones, segmentsConsonants and vowels

PHONETICS - Chapter 2

Phonetics

Slide 2


TranscriptionInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)Break away from spellingIPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence


Phonetics

Slide 3


TranscriptionBroad transcriptionNarrow transcription (uses diacritics)

Phonetics

Slide 4



Sound classesConsonants, vowels and glidesSonorantSyllabic vs. nonsyllabicGlides


Phonetics

Slide 5


AnatomyParts of the body used for making speech (see video)Figure 2.1 page 19 The glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy)


Phonetics

Slide 6

Link for vocal fold video 1 2


AnatomyPHONETICS - Chapter 2

Phonetics

Slide 7


Consonant articulationSee Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)The tongueThe oral tract and places of articulation say: typical, sufficientManners of articulation

places and manner of articulation video


Phonetics

Slide 8


Consonant articulation


places and manner of articulation video

alveolar ridge

palate (palatal)

velum (velar)

uvula (uvular)

lips (labial)

teeth (dental)

Phonetics

Slide 9


Consonants

Phonetics

Slide 10

say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation


Places of articulation (for English)

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar

Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft

Behind top Mouth Palate

Teeth

Bilabial Labiodental Alveopalatal

Interdental Postalveolar

Palatoalveolar

also Glottal

Phonetics

Slide 11


Order of 3-part descriptive terms:Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation

Consonants


so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop

Phonetics

Slide 12


Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:

Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation


Phonetics

Slide 13



International Phonetic Alphabet Sound - symbol correspondenceTranscriptionDownload IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA93”

Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website:

http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/

Phonetics

Slide 14


Consonants - Stops Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)Complete obstruction in oral cavityClosure and then release

Glottal stop10 English stops

Phonetics

Slide 15

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0


Narrowing in oral cavityNear closure - forcing air through small space - hissingFricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants)9 English fricatives

Consonants - Fricatives

Phonetics

Slide 16


Consonants - AffricatesDelayed release of stop causing fricative after2 English affricates

Phonetics

Slide 17


Consonants - Sibilants/StridentsLouder type of fricative/affricate6 English stridents

Phonetics

Slide 18


Consonants – Liquids and flapLaterals - air passes over sides of tonguer’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex2 English liquids - plus flap (See video)

Phonetics

Slide 19

Liq

uid

s

Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little


Consonants - GlidesAlmost no obstruction in oral cavity2 English glides[w] is really labiovelar

Phonetics

Slide 20


Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:

Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation


Phonetics

Slide 21


English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)

Phonetics

Slide 22


Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej

1 game

2 faith

3 day

4 case

5 hate

6 waste

Phonetics

Practice 23


Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej

1 Jake

2 shape

3 beige

4 hang ?

5 change

Phonetics

Practice 24


Exercise Examples

Phonetics

Practice 25


Consonants - OtherSyllabic nasals and liquidsVoiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front

Phonetics

Slide 26


Consonants - AspirationPuff of air after initial voiceless stopNot after s-

Phonetics

Slide 27


Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription

- all of them have the vowel [ej]

1 shave

2 taste

3 whale

4 clay

5 ladle

6 tray

Phonetics

Practice 28


VowelsDifferent from consonantsA lot more variation (different dialects)Vowels are in a continuous space and gradientDescribed by tongue height and backnessAlso by rounding and tense/lax

Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms:

Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel

vowel videos

Phonetics

Slide 29


vowel words

Phonetics

Slide 30


Transcription (aspiration if you can)

1 boot

2 book

3 boat

4 bought

5 pot

6 putt

Phonetics

Practice 31


Transcription

1 beat

2 bick

3 bait

4 bet

5 bat

Phonetics

Practice 32


Transcription

1 dive

2 down

3 boy

4 about

Phonetics

Practice 33


Transcription – Aspiration if you can

Phonetics

Practice 34


Broad Transcription

1 fast

2 loaf

3 cheese

4 made

5 baby

6 throw

7 should

8 fantastic

Phonetics

Practice 35


Transcription

1 car

2 sir

3 horse

4 floor

5 cheer

6 there

Phonetics

Practice 36


Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words

1 craft

2 sigh

3 frog

4 paddle

5 loaf

6 through

Phonetics

Practice 37


1 oven

2 ice

3 voice

4 thunder

5 joint

Phonetics

Practice 38

Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids


Suprasegmentals (prosody)

pitch loudness length

Phonetics

Slide 39


Pitch to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple) Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)

Phonetics

Slide 40


Tone register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones) contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)

Phonetics

Slide 41


Intonation “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!” Terminal contour Nonterminal contour High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp Downdrift

Phonetics

Slide 42


Geminate consonants in ItalianVowel length in Danish

Length

Phonetics

Slide 43


More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness Always relative Primary and secondaryCan be meaningful in English

produce vs. produce - insult

Stress

Phonetics

Slide 44


Speech Production Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation)

Assimilation Dissimilation Deletion Epenthesis Metathesis Vowel Reduction

Phonetics

Slide 45


Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound

Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards).

Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben

Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward).

Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride

46

Phonetics

Slide


Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless

Phonetics

Slide 47


Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal

Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar

Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant

Phonetics

Slide 48


Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound Nasalization - making vowel nasalized

Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)

Phonetics

Slide 49


Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation Two sounds become less alike Rare process

Phonetics

Slide 50


Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts

Articulatory Processes - Deletion

Phonetics

Slide 51


Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts

Phonetics

Slide 52


Articulatory Processes - Metathesis Reordering of the sequence of segments

Phonetics

Slide 53


Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central Common reduced vowels in English:

Phonetics

Slide 54

high central unrounded vowel


Articulatory processes - Reviewadjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation)

Assimilation - regressive or progressiveOf voicing - voicing or devoicingPlace of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilationManner of articulation - nasalization, flapping

Dissimilation - orange juice Deletion - fifs, husban Epenthesis - warmpth Metathesis - aks, pisghetti Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri

Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels

Phonetics

Slide 55


Articulatory ProcessesWhat processes are involved?

Phonetics

Slide 56

ij = i

uw = u


Articulatory ProcessesTo identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech)

If a sound is missing = If a sound has been added =If the order of sounds has changed =If a sound has changed:

Determine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed: voicing, place or manner of articulation)Compare this phonetic property to nearby soundsIf the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds =If the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds =

deletion

epenthesis

metathesis

assimilation

dissimilation

Phonetics

Slide 57


Consonants!!! 3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!

#1.) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced)#2.)Place of Articulation

#3.) Manner of…

Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop

Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)


Vowels!!! 4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!#1.) High or Low

#2.) Front or Back

#3.)Rounded

Or

Unrounded

#4.) Tense or Lax


Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!!

Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1min!

WOW!!!No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…


#1.) How big is it? 6 by 8

68

MANNERS

PLACES


#2.) Make up a story!

p(eanut) b(utter)

STORY #2

t(astes) d(elicious) k(ola) g(od) ?

AND HERE

AND HERE

AND HERE

AND HERE

AND HERE

S(top)

F(ricking)

A(round)

N(ow)

L(azy)

G(uy)

B L I A Ap P V G

Your story could go here!

STORY#1


#3.) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha!

(how many symbols in each row/column?)

7

5 - 2 2 7 - 4 1 5 2Like a phone number 5-227-4152

9232

5


#1.) Remember the shape of the distribution

(Where do the symbols exist)?

MANNERS

PLACES

Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office hours!!!


Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)


For next time:Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!

chapter 2 not responsible for section 10 section 8 we will talk about, but not focus

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