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Chapter 2 Personality Development

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How is Personality Formed? 1. Heredity: Some personality traits seem to be inborn. Passed down from parent to child. 2. Environment: Others seem to be shaped by a persons physical and social environment. Most traits are influenced by a combination of both hereditary and environment

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Twins Nature vs. Nurture

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Heredity Personality traits can be seen at an early age. Psychologists are not sure which personality traits are influenced by heredity and which are not. EX: Shyness and aggressiveness may be inherited. Talents may be partly inherited; it is what you do with your ability that determines how they will develop during your life.

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Environment Personality traits are modified by a persons environment. Friends Family School Culture Experiences during childhood influence our personality. Modeling Children copy behavior of others. Learn about feelings, attitudes, and appropriate ways of behaving from people close to them. Children learn desirable behavior be receiving rewards, and undesirable behavior through punishment.

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Environment cont Teenagers spend more than half their time with others, leading to a huge influence on personality development. These friends, who are about the same age and share the interests, are known as a peer group. A peer group gives you a chance to learn about yourself and to get along with others. Being part of a healthy peer group is likely to have a positive influence on your personality. By young adulthood, your personality traits are fairly well established. It is possible to change traits that you are dissatisfied with.

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Theories of Personality Dev. Peoples personalities change as they grow and are exposed to new ideas, attitudes, and behaviors. Psychologists have several theories to explain how and why the human personality develops. We will discuss the three most important and recognized theories. 1.Sigmund Freud 2.Erik Erickson 3.Abraham Maslow

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Sigmund Freud Late 1800s Austrian Physician who specialized in mental illness. He believes that an individuals personality is made up of three parts. 1.Id- consists of biological urges. (Hunger and thirst) 2.Ego - Thoughtful, decision making part of personality (The Id urged you to eat, the ego helps you find food) 3.Superego - Part of personality that judges right from wrong. Also known as conscience. (Superego would direct you not to steal the food that your Id urges you to eat)

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Sigmund Freud Freud believes that our minds operate at 2 thought levels: 1.Conscious Thoughts that we are aware of 2.Unconscious Thought we are not aware of having It is believed that a person pushes unpleasant or frightening thoughts into the unconscious. These unconscious thoughts help influence our personality, even though we may not be aware of their effects Freud believes that adult personalities are shaped mainly by early childhood experiences. These memories are stored in the unconscious. He states inner conflicts can be resolved through psychoanalysis treatment technique that brings memories into the conscious.

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Freud Documentary

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Erik Erickson Follower of Freud but believes an individuals personality continues to be influenced by experiences beyond childhood. Erickson believes people continue to develop socially and psychologically until death. Devised eight-stage theory of personality development.

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Ericksons 8 Stages of Development 1 st stage Trust vs. Mistrust - A child that is cared for is likely to develop a secure personality 2 nd stage Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Children who are encouraged to become independent tend to develop confident personalities. 3 rd stage Initiative vs. Guilt Develop a sense of right and wrong through role-playing. 4 th stage Industry vs. Inferiority - Learn how to accomplish real tasks, develop a feeling of competence. 5 th stage Identity vs. Role Confusion Search for identity. Questions everything: Religion, sex, family teachings 6 th stage Intimacy vs. Isolation Development of lasting relationships 7 th stage Generativity vs. Stagnation Passing along life learned lessons to younger people. 8 th stage - Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflects and accepts life led.

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Eric Erickson 8 Stages

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Abraham Maslow Believes everyone has a basic drive to achieve his/her fullest potential. Maslow used the term self-actualization to describe the process by which each person strives to be all that he/she can be. Maslow found that very few people ever reach their full potential. He developed a theory that suggests that before people could achieve self-actualization, their basic needs had to be met. He put these needs in ascending order called the hierarchy of needs.

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Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

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Coping Strategies Defense Mechanisms

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Recognizing Emotions Recognizing your emotions is an important 1 st step in dealing with them in healthful ways. Next time you have a strong emotion, pause and put a name on the emotion. Then try to determine what event triggered the emotion.

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Coping with Your Emotions When emotions become too much to handle, it is important to have several coping strategies. A Coping strategy is a way of dealing with an uncomfortable or unbearable feeling or situation. One type of coping strategy is to use Defense Mechanisms. Defense mechanisms are the ways people defend themselves against difficult feelings. Freud believes defense mechanisms occur on an unconscious level, meaning we may not be aware of them. These mechanisms, if used in moderation, can cause you to experience a feeling of temporary relief, allowing you to put off the dealing with the problem until you can handle it.

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Harmful ways of coping Strong emotions can cloud a persons sense of judgment. Causing us to choose faulty coping strategies, worsening the problems. Examples are using drugs, alcohol, acting out in violent ways, or withdrawing from family and friends. If you find that you resort to harmful coping strategies, it may be time to ask for help. Family, friends, teacher, coaches, or counselors are people you can talk to.