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CHAPTER 2 - PLATE TECTONICS & THE SEAFLOOR 2- 1

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT: A GUIDE TO OUR WORLD’S TOP BEACHES

PEOPLE LOVE TO TRAVEL AND PEOPLE LOVE TO EAT. WE HAVE THE TRAVEL CHANNEL, FOOD NETWORK, AND DISCOVERY CHANNELS THAT FEATURE PEOPLE TRAVELING, PEOPLE EATING, AND PEOPLE TRAVELING SPECIFICALLY TO EAT. FOR THIS PROJECT, EVERYONE IN THE CLASS WILL BE GIVEN A DIFFERENT BEACH OR LOCATION SO THAT, AS A CLASS, WE CAN CREATE A BOOK FEATURING UP TO 30 DIFFERENT BEACHES OF THE WORLD. OUR GOAL IS TO PROVIDE DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE DESTINATION (HOW IT WAS CREATED), THE HIGHLIGHTS & FEATURES OF THE ISLAND (THINGS HUMANS SHOULD GO SEE AND DO), AND LET’S ADD IN SOMETHING FOR THE FOODIES - A SECTION ON UNIQUE FOODS.

YOU WILL BE CREATING A PROFILE OF YOUR DESTINATION ON 1 PAGE - NO MORE, NO LESS. HERE ARE YOUR FORMATTING INSTRUCTIONS:

(A) 1-inch margins (B) Nothing larger than size 13 font (C) 1 picture of the destination/beach (D) 1 map with the location (E) 3 WRITTEN SECTIONS:

• 1. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION & HISTORY - In detail, how did this location form and when? Is it volcanic? If so, how were plate tectonics involved?

• 2. HIGHLIGHTS & FEATURES - Forget science for this section. What are the best things to see and do at this location? Why should people go there?

• 3. UNIQUE FOODS - Unique doesn’t necessarily have to be odd or bizarre. What foods come from your location and are considered local?


CRITERIA VALUE

GEOLOGICAL

FORMATION &

HISTORY

15 PTS

HIGHLIGHTS &

FEATURES

10 PTS

UNIQUE FOODS 15 PTS

1 PICTURE, 1 MAP 5 PTS

PROPER FORMATTING 5 PTS

TOTAL 50 PTS

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Continental Drift:

Evidence for continental drift: 1.

2.

3.

4.

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

Boundary Type Process Involved Characteristics Examples

1. Divergent

2. Convergent

3. Transform

4. Hot Spot **


SEAFLOOR FEATURES

Seafloor Feature Description

1. Continental Shelf

2. Continental Slope

3. Continental Rise

4. Abyssal Plain

5. Abyssal Hills

6. Mid-ocean Ridge

7. Seamount

8. Guyot

9. Trench

10. Coral Atoll


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Space above for plate tectonic drawing, space below for Seafloor Features

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PLATE TECTONICS IN OUR NAT’L PARKS CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK

! How did the caldera initially form?

! What is Wizard Island?

! What mountain range is Crater Lake part of ?

! What makes Crater Lake so special?

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK ! What examples of plate tectonics can be found in Yosemite today?

! How is today’s landscape different than what it used to be?

! How and why is the rock different in Yosemite than a classic volcanic area?

LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK ! Lassen is part of which mountain range?

! What examples of volcanism exist today?

DENALI NATIONAL PARK ! How was Mt. McKinley formed?

! What other signs of tectonics can be found within the park’s boundaries?

OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK ! What evidence is there in Olympic for plate tectonic activity?

! What is the relationship between mountains and weather?

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK ! What causes the volcanism beneath Yellowstone National Park?

! What types of geothermal features exist in Yellowstone?

! When was the last eruption at Yellowstone?

! What is likely to happen if it erupts again?


DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK ! What is a pull-apart basin?

GRAND TETONS NATIONAL PARK ! Why is Jackson Hole named Jackson Hole?

! What examples of plate tectonics are in the Grand Tetons?

! What is a volcanic dike?

HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK ! How long has the volcano been constantly erupting since?

! What is a lava tube?

MT. ST. HELENS NATIONAL MONUMENT ! How did it form?

! When was the last eruption?

! What kind of devastation resulted?

MT. RAINIER NATIONAL PARK ! Which major city is in significant danger if Mt. Rainier erupts?

! What is unique about Mt. Rainier when compared to the rest of the country?

! What is a lahar?

! How quick can a lahar reach Puget Sound?

! How many people can possibly be affected?

OTHER IMPACTS OF PLATE TECTONICS ! What about animals?

! What about the weather?


WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN? THE TONGA TRENCH

Introduction: In the western and northern Pacific Ocean there are many arc-shaped groups of islands. The Aleutians, the Marianas, Japan, and Indonesia are examples. There are also island arcs in the Caribbean and South Atlantic. Island arcs have two important characteristics: (1) they all have deep ocean trenches nearby and (2) they are areas of volcanism and intense earthquake activity.

The location in the Earth where an earthquake occurs is called the focus. Geologists have discovered that most of the world’s intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes occur near island arc/trench systems.

For many years there was great curiosity about the unusual character of island arcs. There was no explanation before the sea-floor spreading hypothesis. It proposed that if oceanic plates are created at a mid-ocean ridge, there must be some place where the far end of the plate dives back down into the mantle. This may occur in the vicinity of island arcs producing the trench as well as volcanic and earthquake activity. Earthquake studies in such regions might provide evidence of the diving plate. Directions:

On the following page, use the data at the top of the page to plot the locations of every earthquake foci on the side profile graph below. When you are finished, you will see the distribution of the earthquakes within the Earth nearby the Tonga Trench.


DEPTH (KM) DISTANCE FROM

THE TRENCH (KM)

DEPTH (KM) DISTANCE FROM

THE TRENCH (KM)

0 16, 50, 72, 96 383 408

32 168 416 432

66 132 448 448

83 168, 184 472 416, 432

116 232, 248 500 450, 458

150 200, 260 516 432, 456

200 216, 248 550 500

216 264 580 450, 464

232 254 600 480, 508, 524

250 264 624 508, 524

300 360 650 532

350 364, 400 667 548

TONGA TRENCH


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

DISTANCE FROM TRENCH (km)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

DEPTH (km)

Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called !"#$%&'%(")*+ a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

The trenches are shown in blue-green. The volcanic island arcs, although not labelled, are parallel to, and always landward of, the trenches. For example, the

island arc associated with the Aleutian Trench is represented by the long chain of volcanoes that make up the Aleutian Islands.

!"#$%&'()#$*#+,-.)(%,/0(*0#'!

,!-.%/001.221345635$56$&721348"9:0"&#520*;02'")*6/0<8

-:50%31=:0*=.%>?6>?6@@

A&#0:90.%B<C:05&#D35$56$&7

ATLANTIC OCEAN PROFILE GRAPH Suppose you took a trip across the Atlantic Ocean and were able to check the depth of the water underneath your boat at regular intervals. The data table shows a record of the depth of various points along the ocean floor in the Atlantic Ocean measured by a research vessel traveling along the 39-degree North latitude. Use the data to create a profile showing the ocean floor.

Procedures: Use a piece of graph paper to create a very simple line graph using the data table. Plot “Ocean Depth in Meters” along the vertical axis, starting with “Sea Level” (0 meters) at the top of your graph. Plot “Distance from North America in Kilometers” on the horizontal axis. It is much easier to do this while holding your paper horizontally. 2. Use your ruler to draw a horizontal line across your

graph at a depth of 0 meters to indicate sea level of the Atlantic Ocean.

3. Use a dark colored pencil to color in the Earth’s crust below the profile line.

4. Draw another horizontal line across the ocean at a depth of 200 meters to indicate the maximum depth of the Photic Zone. The photic zone is the area in which light can penetrate.

5. Color the ocean in the photic zone a light blue or green. 6. Color the rest of the ocean below the photic zone a

darker blue or green color. 7. Label the following topographic features on your graph

wherever they exist: a. Continental Shelf b. Continental Slope c. Continental Rise d. Abyssal Plains e. Mid-Atlantic Ridge


DISTANCE FROM N.

AMERICA (KM)

DEPTH (M)

0 0

160 165

200 1800

500 3500

800 4600

1050 5450

1450 5100

1800 5300

2000 5600

2300 4750

2400 3500

2600 3100

3000 4300

3200 3900

3450 3400

3550 2100

3600 1330

3700 1275

3950 1000

4000 0

4100 1300

4350 3650

4500 5100

5000 5000

5300 4200

5450 1800

5500 920

5600 180

5650 0

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY VENN DIAGRAM Use the Venn diagram, below, to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between the three styles of convergent plate boundaries. Write features unique to each group in the larger areas of the circles; note features that the different boundaries share in the overlapping areas of the circles.

Oceanic-oceanic plate margin Oceanic-continental plate margin Continental-continental plate margin


OCEAN-OCEAN

LAND-LAND

OCEAN-LAND

PLATE BOUNDARY VENN DIAGRAM

Use the Venn diagram, below, to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between divergent and convergent plate boundaries. Write features unique to either group in the larger areas of the left and right circles; note features that they share in the overlap area in the center of the image. Place the numbers corresponding to the list of characteristics below in the most suitable locations on the diagram.

1. Magma rises to the surface. 2. Rocks on either side of boundary are the same age. 3. Deep earthquakes may occur. 4. Associated with island arcs. 5. Plates move toward each other. 6. Plates move away from each other. 7. Continental lithosphere on one side of plate boundary, oceanic lithosphere on the other. 8. Associated with mountains. 9. Rocks on either side of boundary may be different ages. 10. Characterized by young rocks. 11. Oceanic lithosphere on both sides of the plate boundary. 12. Associated with oceanic ridges. 13. Associated with oceanic trenches.


DIVERGENTCONVERGENT

RATE OF PLATE MOTION Testable Question: How has the rate of Pacific Plate movement changed over time?

Background Information: In the early 1960s, J. Tuzo Wilson suggested that volcanic ocean island chains were created when Earth’s plates move continuously over a stationary hotspot. The Emperor Seamounts and the Hawaiian Archipelago were formed in this way. Scientists have developed methods for determining the ages of these islands and seamounts. The map shows the Emperor Seamounts and Hawaiian Islands today.

Data: Scientists have collected the following data regarding the age and distance from the hotspot of various islands and seamounts in this chain. Use the data below to calculate the rates of plate movement seen in Hawaii and the Pacific Ocean.


ISLAND OR SEAMOUNT

DISTANCE FROM HOT SPOT (KM)

AGE (MILLION YEARS AGO)

MOVEMENT KM/MY

MOVEMENT CM/YR

MOLOKAI 290 1.8

KAUAI 519 5

MIDWAY 2432 28

SUIKO 4860 65

MAN VS. WILD - PACIFIC ISLAND In this episode, Bear Grylls is marooned on a deserted island. Watch and answer the questions....

1. While in the helicopter, what reason does he provide for why so many of these islands are uninhibited?

2. He gets dropped off on a sandy location - what is it called?

3. What kind of whale is he only 20 yards from?

4. How were the islands formed?

5. How long ago were the islands formed?

6. A porous rock is not a good thing for him when it comes to collecting freshwater. Why?

7. Bear Grylls has an expression that he uses to remember his priorities when it comes to survival - “Please remember what’s first.” This is his way of remembering top priorities when it comes to survival, but what does each letter really stand for?

P -

R -

W -

F -

8. What is the role of the flip flops for the signal fire?

9. What does he use for bait?

10. Give one word to describe Bear’s fishing technique with the spear?

11. What kind of fish does he catch?

12. What part of the fish has lots of fluids?

13. He later dives for what type of seafood?

14. You don’t want to ever drink salt water because it dehydrates you even more. However, you can create fresh water out of salt water - how?

15. Bear decides to do an emergency-only tactic to keep himself hydrated. What does he do?


PLATE TECTONICS ON YOUTUBE World’s 100 Best Beaches (2013)

1. Use this space to list some of the beaches or countries you see that really jump out as being an awesome beach.

The Amazing Seychelles Islands

2. Have you ever heard of Seychelles before?

3. What color sand do you see on the beaches?

4. Which ocean is Seychelles located in?

5. How many islands make up Seychelles?

6. This island is apparently the home of what famous garden?

7. This video mentions 1 type of specific rock - what is it?

The Island Paradise “Bora Bora”, Tahiti

8. What language are they speaking in Tahiti?

9. Do some math in your head - if the bed & breakfast costs $80 a night, how much are the resorts going for?

10. What is at the center of the island?

11. Who had control over Bora Bora during World War II?

12. Which 2 marine animals can be seen in the lagoon?

13. Why are there less rays in the lagoon nowadays?


BIZARRE FOODS - ICELAND 1. At the first farm Andrew goes to, there is a barn that has what kind of shark fermenting?

2. What would happen to people if they ate the shark meat too soon?

3. In the old days, they would use the shark skin for what?

4. Black sands mean what?

5. Why do they hunt puffins in Iceland?

6. How fast can puffins fly?

7. Where do they need to go to catch puffins?

8. What is unique about the Icelandic sheep and horse?

9. What is Slatur?

10. What is special about Blue Lagoon?

11. How do geothermal features of Iceland affect the food industry?

12. Steaming from geothermal heat allows for what benefits with the food?


HOW THE EARTH WAS MADE - RING OF FIRE I personally love this series and I love showing them in class. I want to show this episode next semester to my Oceanography sections and I want to make a worksheet with questions. That’s your job today. You will make a list of questions (and provide the answers).

# Your Question The Answer

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15


PLATE TECTONIC CROSSWORD


CHAPTER 2 REVIEW SHEET 1. WHERE IS THE WORLD’S NEXT MAJOR OCEAN GOING TO BE AND WHY?

2. WHY ARE THE AMERICAS NO LONGER CLOSE TO AFRICA?

3. WHICH U.S. STATE HAS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF VOLCANIC ISLAND ARCS FORMED BY SUBDUCTION?

4. WHICH U.S. STATE HAS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF VOLCANIC ISLANDS FORMED BY HOT SPOTS?

5. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OCEAN-LAND CONVERGENCE AND LAND-LAND

CONVERGENCE?

6. WHAT KIND OF PLATE BOUNDARY RUNS THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN?

7. WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT ICELAND?

8. WHICH BOUNDARY TYPE HAS HORIZONTAL, SIDE-BY-SIDE DISPLACEMENT?

9. WHICH TWO BOUNDARY TYPES WILL OFTEN HAVE EARTHQUAKES, BUT NO VOLCANOES?

10.WHICH TWO BOUNDARY TYPES WILL OFTEN HAVE EARTHQUAKES OF ALL DEPTHS?

11.THE RING OF FIRE IS MOST COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT?

12.THE THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT EXPLAINS WHAT?

13.WHAT IS NOT EXPLAINED BY CONTINENTAL DRIFT?

14.WHAT ARE THE SUPPORTING PIECES OF EVIDENCE FOR THE THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT?

15.WHAT CAUSES AN EARTHQUAKE?

16.DESCRIBE THE SITUATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND THEIR PLATE MOVEMENT.

17.HOW DOES A HOTSPOT DIFFER FROM THE OTHER PLATE BOUNDARIES?

18.PLOTTING THE EARTHQUAKE FOCI AT THE TONGA TRENCH AREA SHOWED WHAT RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN FOCUS DEPTH AND FOCUS DISTANCE FROM THE TRENCH?

19.WHAT TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARIES FORMED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:

a. HAWAII-

b. YELLOWSTONE-


c. MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE-

d. ANDES MOUNTAINS-

e. MARIANAS TRENCH-

f. HIMALAYAS-

g. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS-

h. SAN ANDREAS FAULT-

20. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAND SIZE AND THE PROXIMITY TO THE HOTSPOT?

21.WHAT HAPPENS TO ISLANDS AS THEY MOVE AWAY FROM THE HOT SPOT?

22.WHAT MIGHT OUR PLANET LOOK LIKE WITHOUT PLATE TECTONICS?

23.WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES TO PLATE TECTONICS?

24.DEFINE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING SEAFLOOR FEATURES:

a. CONTINENTAL SHELF-

b. CONTINENTAL SLOPE-

c. CONTINENTAL RISE-

d. ABYSSAL PLAIN-

e. ABYSSAL HILLS-

f. MID-OCEAN RIDGE-

g. TRENCH-

h. SEAMOUNT-

i. GUYOT-

j. CORAL ATOLL-

25.SKETCH A SIDE PROFILE OF AN OCEAN WITH THE FOLLOWING SEAFLOOR FEATURES: CONTINENTAL

SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE, CONTINENTAL RISE, ABYSSAL PLAIN, ABYSSAL HILLS, MID-OCEAN

RIDGE, TRENCH, SEAMOUNT, GUYOT, AND CORAL ATOLL.


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