chapter 2. robot kinematics: position...

25
2-1 2008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon 로봇공학, Chapter 2 Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysis 로봇 기구학: 위치 해석 Forward kinematics Inverse kinematics Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation matrix 로봇공학 로봇공학 (Robotics) (Robotics) 2-2 2008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon 로봇공학, Chapter 2 Robot Kinematics Forward kinematics: To determine where the end-effector (gripper or hand) of robot is? when all joint variables (ex, 로봇관절 회전각) and the linkage parameters are known. 4 x 4 transformation matrix Inverse kinematics: To determine what each joint variable is? When we desire that the end-effector(hand) be located at a particular point. Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) representation: A simple and standard way of modeling robot links and joints.

Upload: others

Post on 11-Mar-2020

62 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-12008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysis로봇 기구학: 위치 해석

Forward kinematics

Inverse kinematics

Denavit-Hartenberg representation

4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation matrix

로봇공학로봇공학 (Robotics)(Robotics)

2-22008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Robot Kinematics

Forward kinematics:

• To determine where the end-effector (gripper or hand) of robot is?

• when all joint variables (ex, 로봇관절 회전각) and the linkage parameters are known.

• 4 x 4 transformation matrix

Inverse kinematics:

• To determine what each joint variable is?

• When we desire that the end-effector(hand) be located at a particular point.

Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) representation:

• A simple and standard way of modeling robot links and joints.

Page 2: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-32008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Robot Kinematics

1 2

( , , , , , )

( , , , )n

x y z φ θ ψθ θ θ→

•Given desired end-effector position

determine the required joint ang

Inverse kinemati

:

le

c

s

s

1 2( , , , )

( , , , , , )

n

x y z

θ θ θ

φ θ ψ→

차원 위치 및 자세각

Given joint angles

determine the end-effector posture(posit

Forward kinematics:

ion & orientation) : 3 roll-pitch-yaw

PUMA(6dof n=6)

2-42008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

( )( )

1 1 2 1 2

1 1 2 1 2

1 2

cos cos

sin sin

x l l

y l l

θ θ θ

θ θ θθ θ

= + +

= + +

→ = =

2-link manipulator

?, ?

의 예

Page 3: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-52008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.2 Robot Mechanism

Manipulator-type robot의 특징

• 다물체(multi-body), 다자유도 시스템(multi degrees of freedom system)

• 3차원 open-loop chain 메커니즘

각 joint 및 link에서의 error가 end-point 까지 누적: Fig. 2.2(b)

내부센서(조인트 각 측정) 만으로는 실제 말단위치 측정 부정확

극복방법: 로봇 말단 위치를 외부센서(Camera, laser sensor 등)로 측정

0x0y

0z

1x 1y

1z

2x 2y

2z

1θ ( )nx n

( )ny o

( )nz a

2θ3θ

0nT

2-62008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Robot Mechanism

Closed-loop mechanism VS. Open-loop mechnism

(a) Closed-loop mechanism versus (b) open-loop mechanism

One active joint

Three active joints3DOF manipulator

Four-bar mechanism(1 DOF, closed-loop)

passive joints

Page 4: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-72008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.3 Matrix Representation (Rotational/Translational Matrix)

공간상의 점 위치 벡터로 표현

♦ A point P in space :3 coordinates relative to a reference frame

^^^

kcjbiaP zyx ++=

Fig. 2.3 Representation of a point in space Fig. 2.4 Representation of a vector in space

♦ A vector P in space :3 coordinates of its tail and of its head

^^^__

kcjbiaP zyx ++=

⎥⎥⎥⎥

⎢⎢⎢⎢

=

w

z

y

x

P__

w: scaling factor

2-82008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Matrix Representation

기준좌표계(고정)에 대한 회전좌표계(이동)의 자세 표현 (Fig. 2.5)

( , , )

( , , )

x x x

y y y

z z z

n o a

x y z

n o a

F n o a

n o a

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

(direction cosines) (Rotation matrix):

회전좌표계 각 축이

고정좌표계 각 축과 이루는

방향코사인으로 구성

unit vectors

Fig. 2.5 Representation of a frame at the origin of the reference frame

♦ Each Unit Vector is mutually perpendicular: normal, orientation, approach vector

Page 5: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-92008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Matrix Representation

기준좌표계(고정)에 대한 이동좌표계(회전+위치이동)의 표현 (Fig. 2.6)

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

n o a p

n o a pF

n o a p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= →⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Rotation matrix + translation vector

Robot hand (Gripper)=end-effector

( )nn x

( )no y

( )na z

Fig. 2.6 Representation of a frame in a frame

• Example 2.3:

2-102008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

강체(Rigid Body)의 표현

3차원 공간 상의 강체 (로봇의 각 link) (Fig. 2.8)

Fig. 2.8 Representation of an object in space

♦An object can be represented in space by attaching a frameto it and representing the frame in space.

⎥⎥⎥⎥

⎢⎢⎢⎢

=

1000

zzzz

yyyy

xxxx

objectPaon

Paon

Paon

F

• 강체에 이동좌표계(moving frame) (n,o,a) 부착

기준좌표계에 대한 이동좌표계(강체)의

위치(position) 및 자세(orientation)의 변화

4 x 4 transformation matrix로 표현

Page 6: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-112008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

강체(Rigid Body)의 표현

3차원 공간상의 강체 (로봇의 각 link) 기준좌표계(Reference frame)에 대하여 6자유도 운동 (6 DOF motion)

(x,y,z) 각 축 방향의 translation (3DOF)

(x,y,z) 각 축에 대한 Rotation (3 DOF)

( , , )

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y yobject x y z

z z z z

n o a p

n o a pF p p p

n o a p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= →⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Rotation + translation

강체의 Rotation(3 DOF 운동)에대한 9개의 정보

6개의 constraints(구속조건)포함 (2.10)식

강체의 translation(3 DOF 운동)에대한 3개의 정보

2-122008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Rotation Matrix의 성질

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y yobject

z z z z

n o a p

n o a pF

n o a p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

0n o o a a n

•↔

→ ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ =•

Rotation matrix : (2.10), (2.11), Three unit vectors are mutually orthogonal dot product = 0 : Each unit vector's length = 1

특성 식

1n o a→ = = =

Example 2.3 연습

Page 7: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-132008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.4 Homogeneous Transformation Matrix

기준좌표계에 대한 강체의 위치(position) 및 자세(orientation)의 변화

4 x 4 homogeneous transformation matrix로 표현

Transformation matrices must be in square form.

• It is much easier to calculate the inverse of square matrices.

• To multiply two matrices, their dimensions must match.

3 3 3 1

1 3

0 0

1

0 1

0

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

n o a p

n o a pF

n o a p

R p× ×

×

⎡⎡ ⎤

⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣

⎥⎣ ⎦

Homogeneous transformation matrix

1 1 2 2 2 22 1 1 1 11 2 2 1

2 2,0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 10

R p R p R p R pF F F F

R R R p p

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= = → = =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥

+⎡

⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎤⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Homogeneous transformation matrix

(Ex.)

의 연산

2-142008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.5 Transformations: Pure translation

( , , )

0 0

0 0( , , )

1

1

1

1

1

0 0

0 0 0

1

1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 1

x y z

x

yx y z

z

x x x x x

y y y y ynew

z

Trans d d d

d

dT Trans d d d

d

d n o a p

d n o a pF

d

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣

(Fig. 2.9)

Pure translation location

에 의한 의 변화

Pure translation1)

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

( , , )

old

x x x x x

y y y y y

z z z z z z z z z

new y old

F

x z

n o a p d

n o a p d

n o a p n o a p d

F Trans d d d F

+⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

= ×

♦ Pure translation♦ Pure rotation about an axis♦ Combination of translations or rotations.

Page 8: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-152008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Transformations: Pure rotation about an axis

1 0 0 0

0 c 0

0 c 0

0 0 0 1

1 0 0

( , ) 0 c

0 c

c 0

( , ) 0 1 0

0 c

s

sRot x s

s

s

Rot y

s

θ θ

θ θθ θ θ θ

θ θ

θ θθ

θ θ

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= − =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎣ ⎦

:

(Fig. 2.10, 2.11)

Rotation matrices

x-axis

: y-axis

기준좌표계 에 대하여 만큼 회전

기준좌표계 에 대하여

Pure Rotatio2 n)

c 0

( , ) c 0

0 0 1

s

Rot z s

θ

θ θθ θ θ θ

−⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

: z-axis

만큼 회전

기준좌표계 에 대하여 만큼 회전

2-162008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

1 0 0

( , ) 0 c

0 c

x n

xyz noa y o

z a

U U RR

P P

P Rot x P P s P

P s P

P T P

θ θ θθ θ

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= × ⇔ = −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

→ = ×simply

RnoaP P=

Rotation about the x-axis.

UxyzP P=

Fig. 2.11 (2.16) (2.17)

Page 9: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-172008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Transformations: Combined transformations

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )Rot x Rot y Rot y Rot xθ φ φ θ

× ≠ ×

(Translation + Rotation)

Successive transformation - Rotation

- Translation (Pure translation ):

의 경우 순서가

의 경

중요:

은 순서에 무 우

Combined Transformation 3)

( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )

( , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , )

x y z x y z x y z x y z

x y z x y z

Trans p p p Trans d d d Trans d d d Trans p p p

Rot x Trans p p p Rot y Trans d d d

Tran

θ φ →•

× = ×

→ → (Reference frame) successive transformation:

=

기준좌

계 에 대한

( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , )x y z x y zs d d d Rot y Trans p p p Rot xφ θ× ×

×

Premultip lying!

2-182008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

(Ex.) Transformation Matrix의 계산

0 0 0

0 0 0 ( , ) ( ,

( , , )

( , , ) ( , , )

( , ,

, ) ( , ) ( , ,

)

)

( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , )

x y z x y z

x y z x y z

R x Tr b b b R y

p x

Tr d d d

Tr d d d R y Tr b b b

y z

p x y z x

z R

y z

x y xp

θ φ

φ θ

→ → →

× × ×

• →

• ×

→임의 의 고정 기준좌표계 에 대한

초기위치 최종위치

최종위치 초기위치

point, (reference frame) transformation:

=

0

0

0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 0 0 c 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 c 0

0 0 1 0 c 0 0 0 1 0 c 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

c 0

0 1 0

( , , )

x x

y y

z z

x

x x x

y y y

z z z

d s b n o a x

d b s n o a y

d s b s n o a z

s d

d

x y z

φ φ

θ θ

φ φ θ θ

φ φ

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

=

0

0

0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 c

0 c 0 c

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1

, ,

x

y y

z z

x x x

y y y

z z z

x x x x

y y y yx y z

z z z z

b n o a x

s b n o a y

s d s b n o a z

n o a p

n o a p

n o a px p y p z p

θ θ

φ φ θ θ

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= = = =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

. Then, we have

강체(Point p)에 부착된 회전좌표계의reference frame에 대한 초기자세

강체(Point p)에 부착된 회전좌표계의reference frame에 대한 최종자세

강체(Point p)의초기위치

강체(Point p)의 최종위치

Page 10: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-192008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.5.4 회전좌표계에 대한 상대 변환 (Relative Transformation)

( , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , )x y z x y zRot x Trans p p p Rot y Trans d d d

R

θ φ→ → →

•→

Robot link

link

successive transformation :

Current frame = (

( )

=

Rotating frame

)회전

의 운동

각 에 부착된 회전좌표계에 대한

좌표계

상대운동으로 기술

에 대한

0 1 21 2

( , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , )x y z x y z

ET T T

ot x Trans p p p Rot y Trans d d dθ φ× × ×

⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫• ⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯→⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭⇒

reference rotating rotating end-effector

frame 0 frame 1 fra

Postmulti

me 2 frame E

Refer

ply

en

ing!

ce f

0 0 1 21 2

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y yE

z z zE

z

n o a p

n o a p

n o a pT T T T

=

⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

rame{0} end-effector{E} 에 대한 의 위치 및 자세

자세(orientation)

위치(position)

2-202008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Fig. 2.15 Transformations relative to the current(=rotating) frames.

♦Example 2.80 0( ,90 ) (4, 3,7) ( ,90 )xyz noaP Rot a Trans Rot o P= −

0( ,90 )Rot a(4, 3,7)Trans −

0( ,90 )Rot o

7

3

2noaP

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

0

6

0xyzP

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Page 11: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-212008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

로봇 핸드의 위치 및 자세

0 0 1 2 11 1 2 2 3 3( ) ( ) ( ) ( )n

n n nT T T T Tθ θ θ θ−

→ =

Robot hand(end-effector) reference frame (position/orientation)

에 대한 좌표

0

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y yn

z z z z

n o a p

n o a pT

n o a p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1 0 0 0

1

~ ( , , )

( , , ) , , )

( , , ) , , )

~

reference frame hand

position: orient forward kation: ( hand : (

joint ang

inematics.

le( )

n

x y z

x y z

n

x y z

p p p p n o a

p p p p n o a

θ θ

θ θ

=• =

주어진 에 대하여 에 대한 의

과 을 구하려면

원하는 위치 와 자세 에 대하여

을 구하려면 Inverse kinema tics.→

0x0y

0z

1x1y

1z2x 2y

2z

1θ ( )nx n

( )ny o

( )nz a

2θ3θ

0nT

3x 3y

3z

2-222008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.6 Inverse of Transformation Matrices

Fig. 2.16>

: Reference frame, : Robot Base frame,

: Hand frame, : end-effector frame,

: Part fra

Unknown : Robot base(R) h (

m

an

e

d H

RH

R

U U H U PE R E P E

U R

H E

H

P

T T T T TT

T

< = =

• 에 대한 ) transformation

Forward kinematics →의

로 결정됨

Fig. 2.16 The Universe, robot, hand, part, and end effecter frames.

( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )( )( )

( ) ( )

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1,

U U H HR R E E

U U P HR P E E

U U P HR P E E

R U P E RU P E H H

U

RH

R H ER U E

RH

H

T T T T

T T T T

T T T T

T

T

T

T T T T

T T T T

− −

− −

− −

− −

=

→ =

=

= =

=

Page 12: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-232008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

1

1

0 0 0 1

0

( , ) ( , )

1

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

T

T

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

p

R R

RT

RT

x xθ θ−

−⇒

• →

→ =

=

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Rotation matrix Inverse Rotation matrix orthogonal matrix!

: unitary matrix

Transformation matrix Inverse

0 0 0 1

0 1

,

x y z

x y z

x y z

T

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

n n n p n

o o o p o

a a a p a

p

p n o a

R

p n o a

p n o a

p n o a

− ⋅

− ⋅

− ⋅

= = = =

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

, where ,

2-242008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.7 Forward/Inverse Kinematics of Robots

공간상에서 기준좌표계(reference frame)에 대한 강체(rigid body)의 위치

(position)와 자세(orientation)을 구하기 위해서는

• 강체에 강체와 함께 움직이는 이동좌표계를 부착하고

• 이동좌표계 원점의 위치[(x,y,z):3 DOF]와

• 이동좌표계 각 축의 기준좌표계에 대한 자세[방향코사인 또는 Euler angle: 3 DOF]를 구함.

Robot의 경우 (Fig. 2.17)

• Robot hand(= 강체)에 hand frame(n,o,a)를 부착

• 로봇 각 링크의 parameter 값들과 주어진 joint angle에 의해 이동좌표계(n,o,a) 원점의 위치와 기준좌표계에 대한 hand 좌표계의 자세가 결정됨.

Robot hand(Gripper)=end-effector

( )nn x

( )no y

( )na z

Page 13: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-252008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.7.1 Kinematic Equations for Position

( , , )

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0 1

x

yRP

z

x y z

p

pT

p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Cartesian coordinates (Fig. 2.18):

( , , )

( , , ) (0,0, ) ( , ) ( ,0,0)

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

RP cyl

r l

T T r l Trans l Rot z Trans r

c s r

s c

l

α

α α

α αα α

= =

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Cylindrical coordinates (Fig. 2.19):

=

0

0

0 0 1

0 0 0 1

c s rc

s c rs

l

α α αα α α

−⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

=

A gantry robot is a Cartesian robot.

2 Linear translations and 1 rotation

2-262008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Kinematic Equations for Position

( , , )

( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) (0,0, )

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

RP sph

r

T T r Rot z Rot y Trans r

c s c s

s c

s c r

β γ

β γ γ β

γ γ β βγ γ

β β

= =

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Spherical coordinates (Fig. 2.20):

=

0

0 0 0 1

C C S S C rS C

C S C S S rS S

S C rC

β γ γ β γ β γ

β γ γ β γ β γ

β β β

⋅ − ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

=

1 2( , , , )nθ θ θ•

Articulated coordinates (Fig. 2.21):

Robot D-H transformation관절형 의 경우:

방법에 따른

1 Linear translation and 2 rotations

Page 14: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-272008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.7.2 Kinematic Equations for Orientation

2.7.2(a) Roll-Pitch-Yaw (RPY) angles

(

( , , )

( , ) ( , ) ( ,

, , )

)

a o n

a o n

a o n

Rot a Rot o Rot n

φ φ φ

φ φ

φ θ

φ

ψ• = = =

→ → → →about curren

Roll-Pitch-Yaw (RPY) angles (Fig. 2.22):

* RPY sequence of rotation : (z y x)

:Current frame(

t axes:

현재의 회전좌 표계)에 대한 상대회전

♦Yaw: Rotation of about -axis (x-axis of the moving frame)nφ n

♦Roll: Rotation of about -axis (z-axis of the moving frame)aaφ

♦Pitch: Rotation of about -axis (y-axis of the moving frame)oφ o

( , , ) ( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

a o nRPY RPY Rot a Rot o Rot n

c s c s

s c c s

s c s c

φφ φ φφ φ θ θφ φ ψ ψ

θ θ

θ ψ φ θ ψ

ψ ψ

= =

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

=

2-282008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

( , , )

( , , )

( , ) ( , ) ( , )

0

0

0

0 0 0 1

a o nRPY

RPY

Rot a Rot o Rot n

c c c s s s c c s c s c

s c s s s c c s s c c c

s c s c c

φ φ φ

φ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψφ θ φ θ ψ

φ θ ψφ

φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψθ θ ψ

θ

θ

ψ

ψ

==

− +⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+ −⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

=

(2-36)식 ( , )nRot n φ

( , )aRot a φ ( , )oRot o φ

2.7.2(a) Roll-Pitch-Yaw (RPY) angles

Page 15: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-292008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 0 10 1 0 0

x x x

y y y

z z z

RPY Rot a Rot o Rot n

c c c s s s c c s c s c

s c s s s c c s s c

n o a

n o a

n

c c

s oc c as c

φ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψφ θ φ θ ψ φ

φ θ ψ φ θ

ψ φ θ ψ φ ψθ θ ψ θ

ψ

ψ

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

=

− +⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥+ −⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢⎣ ⎣

⎥⎦⎦

= =

( )nn x

( )no y

( )na z

θ

φψ

2.7.2(a) Roll-Pitch-Yaw (RPY) angles

• End-effector desired orientation (robot base) end-effector RPY angle

의 에 대하여 기준좌표계 에

대한 좌표계의 을 구하는 방법

2 2

2 2

tan tan tan

atan2( , )

atan2( , )

atan2( , )

y z z

x zz z

y x

z z z

z z

n n o

n ao a

n n

n o a

o a

φ θ ψ

φ

θψ

−= = =

+→

=

= − +

=

, ,

Roll:

Pitch:

Ya :

w

RPY angles Direction cosines

2-302008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.7.2(b) Euler Angles

( ,

(

) ( , ) ( , )

, , )

Euler angle (Fig. 2.24): RPY angle Euler angle

* Eule about current axer angle : (z y )

s:

:C

a

Rot a Rot o R

a

ot a z

o

φ θ ψ

→ → → →

책마다 정의가 약간씩 다름.

도 넓은 의미에서 의 한 종류임.

회전순서

( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

urrent frame(

=

= (2-43)

Euler Rot a Rot o Rot a

c s c s c s

s c s c

s c

φ φ θ θ ψ ψφ φ ψ ψ

θ θ

φ θ ψ φ θ ψ=

− −⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

현재의 회전좌표계)에 대한 상대회전

( ) RPY angle .주 의 정의만 잘 익힐 것

Page 16: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-312008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

, ,( ) ( , , )

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

x y z

x

y

RH car

z

t

x

T T RPY

c c c s s s c c s c s c

s c s s s c c s s c c c

s c s c c

c c c s s s c c s

p p p

p

p

p

pc s c

s s s s s c c

φ θ ψ

φ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψφ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψθ θ ψ θ ψ

φ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ φ θ ψ φ ψφ θ φ θ ψ φ ψ

= ×

− +⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥+ −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

− ++

=

=

1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 23 3 3 1 21 3 3 3 1 ( , 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 1 0 1)

0

x x x x

y y y y

z z

y

z z z

n o a p

s s c c c n o a p

s c s c c n o a p

R P R P R R P R P

p

p

R I P

φ θ ψ φ ψθ θ ψ θ ψ

× × × ×

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤+=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦= =

( ) 주

2.7.3 Forward Kinematic Equations

Robot base에 부착된 Reference coord.(기준좌표계 R)가 Cartesian coord.(직교좌표

계)이고, Robot hand에 부착된 이동좌표계의 Orientation을 기준좌표계에 대한 RPY angle로 표현한다면, Robot hand의 (즉, 이동좌표계의) Base에 대한 위치(location) 및 자세(Orientation)는?

2-322008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.8 Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) Representation

D-H representation 방법

Open kinematic chain 형태 robot manipulator의

forward kinematics를 기술하기에 편리함.

Manipulators Succession of joints and links

• Robot joint : Revolute type (rotation) or Prismatic type (translation).

nz

joint n link n

link link .

nn의끝단에부착되어과 같이움직임

nθ1

n

nzθ

: (n-1) link

에 부착된 축에 대하여 회전

{ , , }

n n nx y z좌표계

1 nz −

( 1)link n− 에 부착

nx

ny

관절 좌표계(joint coordinates)의 정의

Page 17: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-332008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

D-H Parameters

1nz −

nz2nz − nθ

1nθ +

1nθ −

joint n1joint n −

1link n−link n

( )1attached to link n−

( )attached to link n

( )2attached to link n−

1nx −

nxna

nd

oo

Transformation between two successive frames

21 1

1

1

1

n

n n n

n

n

n

n

d

a

θ

− −−

z

x common normal between z z

y

-axis: n-th joint (revolute joint )

or (prismatic joint

variable

)

-axis: along the -axis

variab

& -axis

-axi

le

s: f

의 회전방향

직선운동 방향

ollows right-hand rule

1na −

2-342008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

두 관절 좌표계 사이의 변환(Transformation)

1 1 1

11( (0,0,

{ , , } { , , }

, ) ) ( ,0,0) ( , )n

n

n

n

n n n n n n

nn n n n n

n n n nd a

Rot z Trans d

x y z x y z

T Trans a Rot x

θ α

θ

θ

α

− − −

−−

→ → →

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

= × × ×

: x

transformation:

(n-1) link n-link

두 좌표계 사이의

좌표계 좌표계

1 1

1 1

n

n

n n n

n n n nn

d

a α− −

− −

x : z z

: x x : z z

축과 축 사이 각도 축과 축 사이의 거리

축과 축 사이의 거리 축과 축 사이 각도

1

1

1

1

1(

(0, 0,

(

( ,

, )

)

,0,0)

)

n n n

n n n

n n n

n n n n

nRot z

Trans d

Trans a

Rot x

θ

α

−•

→→→

x x

x x colinear

x x .

z z

축이 축과 평행하게 됨.

축과 축이 하게 됨.

축의 원점이 축의 원점과 일치하게 됨

축이 축과 일치하게 됨.

Page 18: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-352008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

두 이동좌표계 사이의 Transformation

11( (0,0,, ) ) ( ,0,0) ( , )

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

n n

n

n

nn n n n n n

n n

n n n n

n n

Rot z Trans d

a

d

T A Trans a Rot x

c s

s c c s

s c

θ α

θ θθ θ α α

α α

−−= = × × ×

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0

0 0 0 1

n

n

n

n

n

n n

n n n n

n n

n n n n n n

n n n n n n

n n

a

d

a

a

d

c s

s c c s

s c

c s c s s c

s c c c s s

s c

θ θθ θ α α

α α

θ θ α θ α θθ θ α θ α θ

α α

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

−⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

{n}좌표계의 {n-1}좌표계에 대한 자세

{n-1}좌표계 원점에 대한{n}좌표계 원점의 거리

2-362008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

㈜ D-H 변환에서 Y축으로의 이동이 필요한 경우 (PUMA560)

1nz −

nz2nz − nθ

1nθ +

1nθ −

joint n1joint n −

1link n−link n

( )1attached to link n−

( )attached to link n

( )2attached to link n−

1nx −

nxna

nd

o

onb

1

1

1

1

1(

(0, 0,

(

,

(

(

, )

)

,0,0

0

)

,0)

)

,

n n n

n n n

n n n

n n

n

n

n

nRot z

Trans d

Trans a

Rot

Tran b

x

s

θ

α

−•

→→→→→

x x

x x parallel

x x colinear )

x x

z

축이 축과 평행하게 됨.

축과 축이 하게 됨.

축과 축이 하게 됨 (동일직선상 .

축의 원점이 축의 원점과 일치하게 됨

1n n− z 축이 축과 일치하게 됨.

Page 19: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-372008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

11( (0, 0,, ) ) ( ,0,0) ( , )

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0

(0, ,0)

1 0 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1 0

00 0 01 0 00 0 1 1

n n

n

n

n

nn n n n n n

n n

n n

nRot z Trans d

d

b

a

T A Trans a Rot x

c s

Tra

s c

ns bθ α

θ θθ θ

−−= = × × ×

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

×

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢⎢⎢⎣⎣ ⎦ ⎦

1 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 1

0

0 0 0 1

n n

n

nn

n

n n

n n

n n n n n n

n n n n n

n

nn

n

a

a

d

c s

s c

c s c s s c

s c c

d s

dc

s

cs s

c

α αα α

θ θ α θ α θθ θ α θ α θ

α α

θθ

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

−⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎥⎥

−+

㈜ D-H 변환에서 Y축으로의 변환이 필요한 경우 (PUMA560)

1 1 1

11( (0,0,

{ , , } { , , }

, ) ) ( ,0,0) (0, ,0) ( ,n n

n n n n n n

nn n n nn

n n n nnd ba

Rot z Trans d

x y z x y z

T Trans a Trans R tb o x

θ α

θ

− − −

−−

→→ → →

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

= × × × ×

transformation:

(n-1) link n-link

두 좌표계 사이의

좌표계 좌표계

1 1

111

)

n n

n

n n n n

n n nn nnn n

n

b

d

a

θ

α

α

− −

− −−

: x x : z z

: x x : z : y y z

축과 축 사이 각도, 축과 축 사이의 거리,

축과 축 사이의 거리, 축과축과 축 사이의 축 사거리, 이 각도

2-382008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

PUMA560

b[i]

3

2

1

6

5

4

alpha[i]a[i]d[i]theta[i]Joint #

Page 20: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-392008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

(Robot Base Hand)의 Transformation

Robot base(Reference frame)에 대한 Robot hand의 위치 및 자세

1 2 11 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

: revolute joint variable

: prismatic joint

i i

i i

R R nH n n n

q

q d

T T q T q T q T q A A A A

θ

=•

=

= =

0x0y

0z

1x1y

1z2x 2y

2z

1θ ( )nx n

( )ny o

( )nz a

2θ3θ

0nT

3x 3y

3z

x y

z

2-402008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Example 2.19 (PUMA type)

D-H parameters

3

2

1

6

5

4

alpha[i]a[i]d[i]theta[i]Joint #

0x 0y

0z

6x6y

6z

Page 21: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-412008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Example 2.20 (Stanford Arm)

D-H parameters

3

2

1

6

5

4

alpha[i]a[i]d[i]theta[i]Joint #

0x 0y

0z

6x

6y6z

2-422008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.9 Inverse Kinematic Solutions

Position level (chap. 2)에서의 Inverse kinematics

• 특별한 규칙이 있는 것은 아니고 주로 기하적 방법(geometric method)이나 transformation matrix의 element를 비교해서

solution을 찾음.

• 6DOF robot의 역기구학 해가 존재하기 위한 충분조건:

The last three revolute joint axes (wrist) intersects at a common point.

0 0 0 1

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

i

i

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

⎛ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎛⇒

Given the desired location:

& orientation of the robot

(revolute joint) or

Inv

Solve f

erse kinem

or the joint variables: (prismatic joi

atic

nt)

s

⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

Page 22: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-432008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Ex. 2.19의 역기구학 해

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

1

6 6 6

1

0 0 0 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

, , }

, , }

( ) ( ) [ ]

(1)

Desired orientation/location : {

{ frame

of the hand

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

x x x x

y y

RH

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

n o

x y

T A A A A A A RH

z

n a

S

A

o

θ θ θ θ θ θ

• =

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟

⎢ ⎥ ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

=

11 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 3

5 2

5 5 6 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5 5 6 6

1

34 2

5

4

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1

[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ,

,

) ( )

(2) [ ] ( ) ( )[ ]

(3)

, ,

y y

z z z z

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

a p

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

A RHS A A A A A

A A A A A A A A RHS A A RHS

A A

θ θ θ θ θ

θ

θ

θ

θ

θ θ θ θ

− − − − − − − −

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 2 1 4 3 1 65 2 6 6

0 0 0 1

[ ] ( )

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

n o a p

n o a p

n o a pA A A A A A A A RHS A θ θ− − − − − − − − −

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

2-442008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Ex. 2.20 (Stanford Arm)의 역기구학 해

5R-1P manipulator

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

6 6

6 6

6

0 0 0 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]

(1

, , }

, , }

)

1st three joints

Desired orientation/location : of the {

{

ha

frame

nd

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

RH

n o a p

n o a p

n o a px y

T A A A

z

A A A RHS

n o a

θ θ θ θ θ θ•

=

=

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥= ⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟

⎢ ⎥ ⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

3

3

2

21 11 6 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

2

1 1 13

2 3

1

1

2

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1

( ) ( ) ( ) , ,( )

(2)

[

last three joints

known matr

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

x x x x

y y y y

z z z z

n o a p d

n o a p d

n o a p d

n o a p

n o a p

n o a p

s

cA A A A A A

A A A

θ θ θθ θ θθ− −

− − −

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥

⎢⎣ ⎦

4 4 5 5 6 6

14 5 5 6 6 4 5 6

( ) ( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( , ,)

ix]

known matrix]

A A A

A A A

θ θ

θ θ θ

θ

θ θ− →

=

=

Page 23: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-452008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.11 Degeneracy and Dexterity

Degeneracy • Robot이 운동 중에 singular configuration에 들어가

degree of freedom 을 잃는 경우가 발생

1) Robot의 각 joint가 물리적 한계에 도달하는 경우 (즉, robot의운동 영역인 workspace의 경계에 있는 경우)

2) 두개 joint의 z-axis가 colinear한 경우: 어느 축을 움직여야 하

는가 결정할 수 없음.

Dexterity • Robot hand를 workspace내의 임의 point에 원하는

orientation으로 위치시킬 수 있을 때 robot이dexterous하다라고 말함.

• Robot workspace의 경계(boundary) 부분에는 hand를

원하는 자세로 보낼 수 없음. (dexterity를 잃는 경우)

2-462008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

2.12 Fundamental Problem with D-H Representation

Defect of D-H presentation : • D-H cannot represent any motion about the y-axis, because all motions

are about the x- and z-axis.

Page 24: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-472008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

Methods for representation of points, vectors, frames, and 4 by 4

homogeneous transformations by matrices.

Forward and inverse kinematics of robots

RPY angles and Euler angles

Denavit-Hartenberg method to derive the forward and inverse

kinematic equations

Summary of Chapter 2

2-482008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

[Homework #1] (200점)

예제 Example 2.1 ~ 2.20 (5점 x 20 = 100)

Solve the following problems in chapter 2: (10점 x 7=70)

• 2.3, 2.7, 2.9, 2.12, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22

Solve the forward/inverse kinematics of the stanford arm. (30점)

• Derive the Eq. (2.58): forward kinematics

• Derive the Eq. (2.78)~(2.83): inverse kinematics

(Ref.) Asada and Slotine “Robot analysis and control”

Due date:

Page 25: Chapter 2. Robot Kinematics: Position Analysismercury.hau.ac.kr/sjkwon/Lec2008fall/robotics/Robotics-ch2.pdf · Denavit-Hartenberg representation 4 x 4 Homogeneous transformation

2-492008 Fall Semester, Robotics (School of AME, KAU) by sjkwon

로봇공학, Chapter 2

H.W#1 2.22 문제

1) Ref. frame을 1번 joint에 둘 경우

9000theta33

-900l202

9000theta11

00l30H

alphaadthetaJoint #

2) Ref. frame을 Text와 같이 둘에 둘 경우

9000theta33

00l30H

l100U

-900l202

9000theta11

alphaadthetaJoint #

0 0 1 2 31 2 3H HT A A A A=

0 0 1 20 0 1 2 3

U U UH HT A T A A A A= =