chapter 2 section 1. fertile crescent mesopotamia ziggurat city-state polytheism dynasty cuneiform...
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Chapter 2Section 1
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• Fertile Crescent• Mesopotamia• Ziggurat• City-State• Polytheism• Dynasty• Cuneiform• Sargon• Hammurabi
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Fertile Crescent-curve between the Mediterranean and Persian Sea
Richest soils between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Called Mesopotamia
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5500 BC farming Grew wheat grain
barley Dug basins to save
water Made canals for
irrigation
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Sumerians developed the first civilization.
Built of mud bricks Ziggurats-pyramid
style structure Walls around city City-state- a
political unit with its own government
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Polytheism- the worship of many gods
Believed gods controlled all forces
God Enil ruled the air and storms
Gods were like humans◦ Drank, fell in love,
married and fought
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Worked hard to please the gods
Built temples Priests held high
status War chiefs became
kings◦ They served the gods
Dynasty-series of rulers from one family
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Cuneiform the first style of writing◦ Used a stylus a
sharp tool◦ Made wedge-
shaped symbols Wrote laws,
business accounts, first book◦ Epic of Gilgamesh
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Math and Sciences◦ Developed math
based on number 60◦ Still divide hour into
minutes ◦ Circle into 360
degrees◦ Learned geometry◦ Invented the wheel◦ The plow◦ Built sewers
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The Arts◦ Use of arches and
ramps◦ Sculpture of wide
open eyes◦ Engraved cylinder
seals engraved all around
◦ Rolled onto wet clay Used to sign
documents
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Trade and Society◦ Lacked wood and
metals◦ Sumerians trade for
items◦ Trades across
southwest Asia◦ Formed social
hierarchy Kings and priests Large landowners and
merchants Artisans and farmers
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Men and women had distinct roles
Men ◦ Held political office◦ Made laws
Women◦ Took care of the
home◦ Took care of children
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Sargon’s Empire◦ 2330 BC◦ Created a
permanent army◦ Used army to
conquer Sumer◦ Ruled from Akad◦ Formed world’s first
empire
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Empire- different kingdoms under one rule◦ Akkadian’s adopted
cuneiform◦ Sumerian remained
the main language for religion
◦ Priests had a lot of power
◦ Empire lasted 140 years
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Amorites settled in Babylon◦ 1792 BC Hammurabi
is king◦ United all of
Mesopotamia◦ Oversaw building
projects◦ Improved tax
collection
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Hammurabi◦ Increased trade◦ Absorbed culture of
the region◦ Most famous for
Hammurabi’s Code◦ 282 laws dealing
with trade, murder, theft, injury
◦ Was written for all people to see