CARBON COMPOUNDS

Chapter 2 Section 3

& Chapter 2 Section 4

THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON 2-3

Believe it or not, carbon is so interesting, there is an ENTIRE branch of chemistry designed to study it!Organic Chemistry

Each electron in carbon can form Covalent bonds with almost any other element

CARBON FORMATIONS More importantly, Carbon can bond with

itself! Chains, rings, single bonds, double bonds,

triple bonds

MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules: Literally means “Large”

Molecules (aka: Organic molecules)Macromolecules are created when small units

(Monomers) join together to form large units (Polymers)

There are 4 basic Macromolecules in biology:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Nucleic Acids4. Proteins

CARBOHYDRATES: FUNCTION These are the main energy

source for living beings Plants and some animals

use carbs for structure too!

They are also called: SUGARSMade of Carbon, Hydrogen

and Oxygen Usually in a 1:2:1 ratioEx: 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6

Oxygen Extra sugar is stored as

starch (a type of complex carbohydrate)

CARBS. THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS

1 Monomer of sugar = 1 monosaccharideExamples = Glucose, fructose

A large chain (polymer) of monosaccharides is a polysaccharide Polysaccharide is a fancy name for starch

Animal starches = glycogen Plant starches = cellulose

LIPIDS: FUNCTIONS These are FATS, OILS, and WAXES

Mostly made of Carbon and Hydrogen joined into long chains

Functions include: long-term energy storage, insulation, found in cell membranes, steroids

Two forms: SATURATED LIPIDS- have NO double

bonds between Carbon atoms Solid at room temperature

UNSATURATED LIPIDS - have at least one double bond between carbons Liquid at room temperature

LIPIDS. THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS

1 Monomer of fat = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

There is no real “polymer” of lipids, though the monomers may join together to form different structures

NUCLEIC ACIDS: FUNCTIONS These are the genetic

code for living organismsDeoxyribonucleic Acid

(DNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Made of Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Every single cell has a complete set of DNA and RNA

Monomers of nucleic acids may also store energy for chemical reactions

N.A.S THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Monomer of a

Nucleic Acid = 1 NucleotideExamples: Adenine,

Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

A large chain (polymer) of nucleotides is called a Nucleic Acid Examples: RNA or DNA

Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: One Nitrogen BaseOne 5 - Carbon SugarOne Phosphate Group

PROTEINS: FUNCTIONS These do everything else in the

body! Made of Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen, sometimes Sulfur

Functions include: Transporting molecules around the

body or in and out of cells Colorful pigments Antibodies in the blood, which fight

infection Structural, such as the proteins that

make up muscles or hair Speeding up chemical reactions

(Enzymes) The Shape of a protein is

incredibly important

PROTEINS: THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Monomer of a Protein = 1

amino acid A large chain (polymer) of amino

acids is called a Polypeptide Polypeptide is a fancy name for

protein Tiny proteins are simply called

“peptides” Amino acids have 3 parts:

Amino group (Always the same) Carboxyl group (Always the same) R-group (1 of 20)

Because there are 20 different R-groups, there are 20 different amino acids

SUMMARY SLIDE: 4 BASIC MACROMOLECULES

SUMMARY SLIDE: 4 BASIC MACROMOLECULES

Monomer Polymer

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Lipids Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Nucleic Acid

Protein Amino Acid Polypeptide

IDENTIFY THE MACROMOLECULE BELONGING TO EACH MONOMER

CHEMICAL REACTIONS! 2-4

A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another Some are slow

Iron + Oxygen Iron oxide (aka: Rust) (Reactants) (Product)

Some are fast Vinegar + Baking Soda volcano

Some chemical reactions release energy, others absorb (require) it. Release as heat: 2H2O 2H2 + O2

Example: Paper combusting to ash Exothermic – heat releasing

Requires heat to happen: 2H2 + O2 2H2O Example: Pop and Shake Ice Packs become cold Endothermic – heat absorbing

ENERGY CONTINUED

In order to stay alive, we reactions that both absorb and release energyEnergy used in reactions comes from food

Normally Sugar Ex 1: Building starch for storage after a meal

absorbs energy Ex 2: Breaking down sugar in cells releases

energy to help the cell function

ACTIVATION ENERGY

Activation energy = the amount of energy required to get a reaction started IE: Holding flame to

paper for combustionOnce the reaction is

started, it continues until the reactants are used up

ENZYMES Catalyst (General definition)

Any substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy required

Catalysts in living things are called:ENZYMES

Enzymes are PROTEINS that speed up biological reactionsReactants join together on an enzyme and a

chemical reaction occurs Once the reaction is finished, the

enzyme can go start another chemical reaction with new reactants In other words, enzymes are reusable

THE LOCK AND KEY COMPLEX Reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

are called: SUBSTRATES

When the substrates join together at an ACTIVE SITE of an enzyme, they create an: ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX A complex is a temporary structure that breaks

apart when not in use Enzymes are substrate specific

An enzyme made to fit substrates for one particular reaction will not work with different substrates for a different reaction

Because of the specific fit, the ES Complex is called a LOCK AND KEY COMPLEX

LOCK AND KEY MODEL

The picture below is a much more simplifiedversion of the picture to the right

ENZYME REGULATION Enzymes are delicate

They work best at specific pHsThey work best at about 37 °C (Body

temperature) When conditions are not optimal,

enzymes change shape and lose functionThis process is called denaturization

Enzymes can be turned “on” or “off” by other proteins depending on how many are needed at that exact moment

QUESTIONS Describe the role of energy in chemical

reactions? What are enzymes and how are they

important in living things? Describe how enzymes work.