192

Notes

Chapter 2 The Role of Regimes in Post-War Europe

1 See special issue of International Organization 36 (2).2 Interview with OSCE official, OSCE Secretariat, Vienna, November 2008. She

pointed to the organization’s mandate to cooperate with other internationalorganizations as set out in the Istanbul Summit Declaration 1999, the BucharestPlan for Combating Terrorism 2001 and the Maastricht Strategy on Threatsto Security, 2003. See www.osce.org.

3 Various interviews with OSCE and Council of Europe officials, Vienna andStrasbourg, October and November 2008.

Chapter 4 The European Minority Rights Regime

1 Author interview with the High Commissioner on National Minorities, Rolf Ekeus, in The Hague on 31 March 2006.

2 Ibid.3 See http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/157.htm (Date accessed:

26 August 2005). Background to the FCNM can be found at http://www.ecmi.de/doc/CoE_Project/intro.html (Date accessed: 26 August 2005).

4 The accession process was again refined the following year at the LuxembourgEuropean Council.

Chapter 5 The Influence of International Organizations

1 Author interview, Minority Rights Group International, December 2009.2 Author interviews with European Commission DG Enlargement officials,

Brussels, February 2009.3 Author interview with European Commission official, DG Enlargement,

Brussels, February 2009.4 Author interview with European Commission official, Legal Services, Brussels,

February 2009.5 Author interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December

2008.6 Author interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December

2008.7 Author interview with HCNM legal advisor, The Hague, December 2008.8 Author interview with Minority Rights Group International, December

2009.9 Other literature argues that given the generic nature of many of the FCNM

provisions, the automatic exclusion of ‘new’ minorities should be resisted(see Craig 2010; Ringelheim 2010).

10 Author interview with Minority Rights Group International, December2009.

11 Author interview with Senator Frunda, Bucharest, November 2009.12 Author interviews with Hungarian politicians and government officials,

Bucharest, November 2009.13 Author interview with government official, Bucharest, November 2009.14 Author interview with government official, Bucharest, November 2009.15 Author interview with Bulgarian NGO, Sofia, January 2010.16 Author interview with government official, Ministry of Labour and Social

Policy, Sofia, January 2010.17 Author interview with Ambassador Peteris Elferts, Latvia’s Ambassador to

the Republic of Ireland, Dublin, May 2010.18 Author interview with Tatjana Zdanoka MEP, Brussels, February 2009.19 Author interview with Boriss Cilevics, PACE, by telephone, May 2010.20 Author interviews, European Commission, February 2009.21 Author interview, Council of the European Union, February 2009.22 Author interview, European Commission, February 2009.23 Author interviews with local NGOs in Sofia, January 2010.24 Author interview with Krassimir Kanev, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee,

Sofia, January 2010.25 Author interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December

2008.26 Author interview with high-ranking Latvian official, May 2010.27 Author interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December

2008.28 Author interview with high-ranking Latvian official, May 2010.29 Author interview with high-ranking Latvian official, May 2010.

Chapter 6 Interorganizational Overlap and MinorityRights

1 See http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1992/07/4048_en.pdf.2 Interview with official working for Council of Europe Commissioner for

Human Rights Thomas Hammarberg, Strasbourg, November 2008.3 Interview with Venice Commission official, Strasbourg, November 2008.

To illustrate how constitutional prescriptions depend on context, she refersto idea of reserved seats for minorities in parliament.

4 Interview with DG Enlargement official, European Commission, Brussels,February 2009.

5 Interview with official in the Council of the European Union, Brussels,February 2009.

6 Interview with European Commission DG Enlargement official, Brussels,February 2009.

7 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, December 2008.8 The body of experts is comprised of academics, officials from other inter-

national organizations and think-tanks. For lists of the experts involved in consultation leading to the Hague Recommendations see the article byJohn Packer (2000).

9 Author interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December2008.

Notes 193

10 See http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/1_AtGlance/PDF_H(1995)-010_ FCNM_ExplanReport_en.pdf.

11 The drafting group comprised of experts from the following states: Austria,Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Sweden, Turkey and the UnitedKingdom. See http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/6_Resources/PDF_CAHMIN(94)5_en.pdf.

12 For the various reports on the draft framework convention for the protectionof national minorities see http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/6_Resources/DocumentaryResources_en.asp.

13 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, November 2008.14 Interview with European Commission official, DG Enlargement, Brussels,

February 2009.15 Interview with European Commission official, DG Enlargement, Brussels,

February 2009.16 Interview with OSCE HCNM official, The Hague, December 2008.17 Interview with Council of Europe official, Secretariat of the Framework Con-

vention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, November 2008.18 Interview with ECRI official, Strasbourg, December 2008.19 Interview with Council of Europe official, Secretariat of the Framework Con-

vention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, November 2008.20 Interview with OSCE HCNM official, The Hague, December 2008.21 Interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December 2008.22 Interview with Council of Europe official, Secretariat of the Framework Con-

vention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, November2008.

23 Interview with Minority Rights Group International official, December 2009.24 Interview with Council of Europe official, Secretariat of the Framework Con-

vention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, November 2008.25 Interview with European Commission official, DG Justice, Freedom & Security,

Brussels, February 2009.26 Interview with Council of Europe official, Secretariat of the Framework Con-

vention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, November 2008.27 These experts come from the Council of Europe Advisory Committee on the

FCNM; the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional orMinority Languages; the Committee of Legal Affairs and Human Rights ofthe Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe; the OSCE HCNM;and the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.

28 Interview with Venice Commission official, Strasbourg, December 2008.29 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, December 2008.30 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, December 2008.31 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, December 2008.32 Interview with OSCE Secretary General, Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, Vienna,

November 2008.33 Interview with Council of Europe official, Strasbourg, November 2008.34 Interview with European Commission official, DG Enlargement, Brussels,

February 2009.35 Interview with Latvian official, May 2010.36 Interview with Latvian official, May 2010.

194 Notes

37 Interview, OSCE Secretariat, Vienna, November 2008.38 Interview with OSCE HCNM Knut Vollebaek, The Hague, December 2008.

Chapter 7 International Regimes and StateImplementation

1 OSCE High Commission on National Minorities, Letters to the Foreign Ministryof the Latvian Republic, 1994–9.

Chapter 8 An Effective International Regime?

1 Welcome address by Alan Phillips, President of the Advisory Committee on theFramework Convention, at the Enhancing the Impact of the Framework Con-vention conference, 9–10 October 2008, Strasbourg, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/6_Resources/IAConf_File_en.asp, accessed8 August 2010.

2 OSCE ODIHR (2001) Guidelines to Assist National Minority Participation inthe Electoral Process, available at: http://www.osce.org/hcnm/32351.

Notes 195

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Albania, 62, 64Austria, 59Azerbaijan, 18, 64, 80, 142–3

Bulgaria, 3, 6, 9, 18, 52, 74, 79, 97–8,104–6, 137, 144–6, 150–6, 162–7,170–1, 174–7, 181

Centre for Education Integration ofChildren and Pupils fromEthnic Minorities, 152

Commission for Protection againstDiscrimination, 152

Evet, 152Movement for Rights and

Freedoms, 97, 151National Council on Ethnic and

Demographic Issues, 151‘Revival Process’, 145Socialist Party, 151, 175

Ceausescu, Nicolai, 146Chechnya, 161Cilevics, Boriss, 99Cold War, 2–3, 8, 12–13, 17–18, 35,

49–50, 55–6, 58–9, 61–5, 68, 72,74, 77, 80, 113, 117, 139, 142,155–6, 176

Congress of Berlin, 60, 155Congress of Vienna, 59Council of Europe

Ad Hoc Committee for theProtection of NationalMinorities, 75, 127

Advisory Committee on theFramework Convention for theProtection of NationalMinorities, 8, 86, 88, 106, 108,110, 122, 129, 130, 133–4, 138,165, 178, 181, 183, 194

Committee for the Protection ofNational Minorities, 19, 127

Committee of Ministers, 75, 86,117, 127, 152

Convention for the Protection ofHuman Rights andFundamental Freedoms, 16,119–20, 127

European Commission forDemocracy through Law(Venice Commission), 122

European Commission for HumanRights, 122, 130, 181, 183

European Court of Human Rights,16, 78, 87–8, 96, 147, 149, 152,188

Framework for the Protection ofNational Minorities, 8, 19, 46,75–7, 79–80, 84, 86–8, 98, 105,122–3, 127–8, 130, 152, 164–5,178, 186, 188, 194, 196–7

Parliamentary Assembly, 94, 96, 99,120, 127, 129, 137–8, 148, 163,166, 176, 188

Social Charter, 16Crimea, 72–3Croatia, 63Conference on Security and

Cooperation Europe (CSCE)Committee of Senior Officials, 71Conference on the Human

Dimension, 69Copenhagen Meeting on the

Human Dimension, 71, 128Geneva Meeting of Experts on

National Minorities, 70–1, 75Office for Free Elections, 69Ottawa Meeting of Experts, 69Paris Charter for a New Europe,

69–70Czech Republic, 78, 104, 174Czechoslovakia, 65

de Brichambaut, Marc Perrin, 135

East Timor, 63Ekeus, Rolf, 72–3, 186

210

Index

Estonia, 1, 2–8, 18, 64, 76–9, 104,109, 159–61, 167, 176, 188, 201,205–6

European Centre for Minority Issues,139

European Commission Legal Services,84

European Convention of HumanRights, 16–17

European Union (EU)Accession Partnerships, 83, 103,

120Acquis communautaire, 77, 85, 104,

123–4, 163–4, 186Copenhagen Criteria, 18, 23, 34,

44, 46–7, 77–8, 82–3, 85, 96,103–4, 106–7, 123, 128–9, 137,176, 180, 182, 186

EU-Council of EuropeMemorandum ofUnderstanding, 119–20, 182,186

European CommissionAgenda 2000, 76, 78, 103, 129,

168, 171Directorate-General Enlargement,

84, 123, 125, 129, 186Regular Reports, 73, 76, 78–9,

832, 103, 129, 147, 164, 166,175, 180

European Commission againstRacism and Intolerance, 123

European Security and DefencePolicy (ESDP), 115

Fundamental Fights Agency, 119,123, 131, 187

Lisbon Treaty, 124, 132, 134, 187Maastricht Ministerial Council,

117, 128Monitoring Centre on Racism and

Xenophobia, 123Monitoring Mission in Georgia,

138–9Race Equality Directive, 77, 158,

175Treaty of Amsterdam, 77–8

First World War, 55, 59–60, 155–6,158

Foundation on Inter-Ethnic Relations,74–5

France, 59, 76–7, 87, 132, 187–8Frisians, 188Frunda, Gyorgy, 96FYR Macedonia, 62, 71, 98, 106, 119,

137, 145–6, 152, 163–5, 175

Georgia, 1, 18, 80, 92, 138–9, 142–3,161

German minorities, 60Great Britain, 59

Hammarberg, Thomas, 130Hungary, 1, 34, 73, 78–9, 104, 153,

156–8, 171–2Democratic Alliance of Hungarians

in Romania (DAHR), 146, 153

Status Law, 157–8

International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights, 61

International Covenant on Economic,Social, and Cultural Rights, 62

International Labour Organization,58, 162

ILO No. 169, 62International Organisation for

Migration, 139Istanbul Summit, 117

Junker, Jean-Claude, 119

Kosovo, 64, 119, 142, 175Kyrgyzstan, 1, 143

Latvia, 1, 3, 6, 9, 18, 52, 64, 74, 76–7,79, 98, 102, 104, 108–10, 130,135–6, 138, 144, 146, 148–55,158–62, 166–71, 175–7, 181–2,188

Equal Rights Movement, 154Fatherland and Freedom, 154Latvian National Independence

Party, 154New Era, 154People’s Harmony Party, 154People’s Party, 154

Index 211

Latvian Socialist Party, 154League of Nations, 55–6, 60–1, 63, 67

Council, 60, 63System of Minority Guarantees, 60

Lithuania, 64, 79, 159, 167Livs (Livu), 188

Maskhetian Turks, 139Meciar, Vladimír, 79, 97Melescanu, Teodor, 166Moldova, 18, 142–3, 153Montenegro, 63

Nagorno-Karabakh, 64North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 59, 67, 73, 115, 135,142–3, 154, 157, 161, 175

Netherlands, 57, 71–2

Organization for Security andCooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Bolzano/Bolzen Recommendations,91, 126, 133, 183, 187

Hague Recommendations, 18, 74–5,89, 126

Helsinki Final Act, 68–9, 71–2, 75,98, 126, 159

Helsinki Summit, 71High Commissioner on National

Minorities, 1–2, 8, 18, 46, 71–5,79, 82–3, 86, 89–92, 95, 100,104, 108–10, 119, 121, 126,128–40, 163–4, 166–71, 178,181–3, 186–7

Lund Recommendations, 75, 89–91,126, 178–9

Mission to Georgia, 138–9Office for Democratic Institutions

and Human Rights (ODIHR),91, 119, 121–2, 129–30

Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues, 122

Warsaw Guidelines, 90, 178Office for External Cooperation,

117Oslo Recommendations, 74–5,

126Recommendations on Inter-Ethnic

Policing, 89–90, 128

Secretariat, 71, 117–19Spillover Monitor Mission to

Skopje, 71OSCE-Council of Europe

Coordination Group, 117–18Oslo-Potsdam Approach, 14, 39Özal, Turgut, 156

PHARE, 29Platform for Cooperative Security,

117Poland, 78Pomaks, 106, 145, 152, 163–5, 171,

175

Roma issues, 1–2, 79, 104, 106, 121–2, 132, 137–8, 146, 152, 158, 163–5, 173–4, 180, 188, 207

Romania, 3, 6, 9, 18, 45, 52, 73–4,96–7, 104, 137, 144, 146–8, 150,152–8, 162, 165–6, 171, 174–5,181

Democratic Convention ofRomania, 153

Democratic Liberal Party, 153Greater Romania Party, 153National Salvation Front, 153Romania-Hungary Basic Treaty, 73,

157Romanian Democratic Party, 153Social democratic party, 153Transylvania, 96, 157Union of Democratic Forces, 151

Russian Federation, 1, 52, 68, 73, 77,92, 138–9, 149, 156, 159–61

Second World War, 15, 55–61, 65, 70

Slovakia, 1, 18, 65, 74, 78–9, 97, 102,104, 157–8, 172, 174, 187, 197,207

Smer Party, 175Slovenia, 63, 78South Ossetia, 1, 161Soviet Union, 18, 54, 64–5, 67, 71,

80, 112, 124, 139, 142, 145, 148,153–4, 157, 159, 167

Stoyanov, Petar, 98, 151

212 Index

TACIS, 29Thirty Years War, 60Treaty of Bucharest, 155Treaty of London, 155Treaty of Versailles, 155Treaty of Westphelia, 59‘Triadic Nexus’, 56, 144Turkey, 80, 102, 143, 155–6

Ukraine, 1, 74, 77, 92, 143, 157Ulmanis, Guntis, 108United Nations, 15, 18, 61–2, 139,

194Charter, 18, 61Commissioner for Refugees, 139

General Assembly, 15, 61, 160Minority Declaration, 16

United States, 2, 56, 61Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 15, 61, 70

van der Stoel, Max, 69, 72–4, 89, 105,108, 126, 166–7

Vollebaek, Knut, 1–2, 73, 86, 91, 108,126, 131, 139, 186, 192–5, 199

Yugoslavia, 18, 54, 64–5, 71, 80, 112,124, 139, 142, 145, 156, 160

Zhdanok, Tatyana, 154

Index 213