chapter 2-the study of population

7/30/2019 Chapter 2-The Study of Population

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CHAPTER 2-THE STUDY OF

POPULATION

9/5/2013 1IMRAN BASHIR


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This chapter will address the following questions:

1. Where are people found across earth?

2. Where are the places where population is growing?3. Why is population growing at different rates?

4. Why are these differences important?



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THE PROBLEM:The number of people and the availability of resources.

This is an issue for some regions over others.There are those that argue that the world is not overpopulated.They argue that the problem is poverty= the unequal distributionof wealth- have vs. have nots



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GENERAL POPULATION

CHARACTERISTICS 6 billion people in the world and growing.

Second half of 20th century, population increased at a faster

rate than ever before.

Almost all the population growth is in less developed

countries.



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DEMOGRAPHY

The scientific study of pop.

CHARACTERISTICS

How people are distributed by age, gender, occupation,

fertility, health, etc.



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Question:- 1

Where is the worlds population distributed?

Concentration and Density, clustered vs. sparse: About ofworlds population live on only 5% of the earths

surface.

Population is mainly clustered in 5 particular regions.

Most people in these regions live near an ocean or river witheasy access to an ocean.


Mainly low lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate.

All located in northern hemisphere b/t 10 and 55 degrees north

lat. Except Southeast Asia/


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Rapid Growth - Phil ippines9/5/2013 12IMRAN BASHIR


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Slow GrowthUnited States9/5/2013 13IMRAN BASHIR


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United States: 1950 - 2050



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GermanyNegative Growth9/5/2013 15IMRAN BASHIR


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Malthusian - Pessimistic

Boserupian - Realistic

Cornucopian - Optomistic



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East Asia ( largest cluster )

of the worlds population

East Asia includes China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, andTaiwan 1. 5/6 are in China ( 1.2 billion ), near pacific coast or

along Huang and Yangtze rivers. Mostly rural

of pop. Urban in Japan and South Korea



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South Asia ( 2nd largest cluster ) Includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.

India has of South Asias population ( 1 billion ), along

Indus and Ganges Rivers Most are rural farmers

Only live in urban areas



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Southeast Asia ( 3rd largest cluster ) billion people

Mostly concentrated on island of Java,

Sumatra, Borneo, Papa New Guinea, and the Phillipines

Ava more than 100 million people mostly rural



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Europe ( 3rd largest cluster )

includes western Europe, Eastern Europe,

and the European part of Russia

1/8 of worlds population ( 750 million )

urban



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Eastern North America ( 5th largest cluster )

Pop. Concentrated in northern US and southeastern Canada

This region experiencing heavy pop. Shift to south and west

pop. Urban, less than 5% farmers


ECUMENE

The portion of the earths surface occupied by permanent

human settlement, which has increased over time.


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SPARSELY POPULATED AREAS

1. Dry Lands ( areas to dry for farming )

Cover 20% of earths surface Between 15 degrees-50 degrees north latitude, 20 degrees-50

degrees south latitude

Saharan desert and Australian desert

Irrigation is necessary for farming Large oil reserves



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Wet Lands ( near equator, 20 degrees north and south

latitudes )

Interior of South America, Central America, Southeast Asia

( 50-90 inches per year ) Rain and heat depletes nutrients from soil hindering

agriculture.


Cold Lands- ( North and South Poles )

Permafrost, ice packs covering the ground permanently. Extreme colds


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Highlands ( high elevation )

Highest mountains are snow covered and steep, sparsely

settled.

Except Mexico City, 7,360 feet Also the Andean highlands which has large pop. Clusters

along the South American rim.

Terrace farming in lower elevations



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Question:-2Where has the Worlds Population Increased?

Population increases when there is more births than deaths. Population decreases when deaths exceed births or due to

migration.



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Total Population = OP + BD + IE

OP Original

Population

B Births

D Deaths

I Immigrants

E Emigrants



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TFRTotal Ferti l i ty Rate9/5/2013 27IMRAN BASHIR


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Population change is measured in three ways:

1. Crude Birth Rate ( CBR )

2. Crude Death Rate ( CDR )3. Natural Increase Rate ( NIR )


Crude Birth Rate ( CBR )-

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

alive in a society.

Crude Death Rate ( CDR )-

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 peoplealive in a society.


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Natural Increase Rate ( NIR )-

The % by which a population grows in a year, excluding

igration. NIR= CBR-CDR



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Natural I ncrease = CBR - CDR9/5/2013 30IMRAN BASHIR

ST


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21ST Century, NIR IS 1.4

1960=2.2, declined in the 1990s

Small changes in NIR dramatically effect the population size.

With a NIR of 1.4, and 6 billion, it will take 51 years todouble.

Doubling Time- the number of years needed for population todouble



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Rate ofIncrease

(%)

DoublingTime (yrs.)

Example(1998)

0.50 140 Ireland

0.60 120 United States

1.00 70 China2.00 35 Costa Rica

3.50 20 Yemen

2000 yrs. ago250 mil l ion: doubl ing time 16 centuries (1650)

1650500 million: doubling time 170 yrs. (1820)

2000doubl ing time reduced to 35 yrs. (>6 bil l ion currentl y)

Doubling Time = 70 / Rate of Increase


Al t 100% f ( NIR ) l t d i l


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Almost 100% of ( NIR ) are clustered in less

developed countries.

Asia, Africa, and Latin America have an ( NIR ) 2.0 OR HIGHER.

Europe has a negative ( NIR ), but makes up for population with

immigration.



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The Demographic Transition (Cycle)9/5/2013 34IMRAN BASHIR


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Question:-3

Why is population increasing at different rates?

Demographic Transition- the process of change in a societies

population. There are local variations, and it diffuses to individual countries

at different rates.

There are four stages of Demographic Transition.

There were wide fluctuations due to famine, wars, disease, andnatural disasters.

Agricultural Revolution- the domestication of plants and animals,

provided more stable food sources.

NO PLACE IN THE WORLD STILL IN STAGE 1.



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Stage 1:

Low Growth ( first several hundred thousand years on

earth )

Crude Birth Rates and Death Rates varied considerably, but over

long term they were comparable. Hunting and gathering societies.

NIR- was little to no growth

Between 8000BC and 1750 AD, from 5 million to 800 million.


S 2


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Stage 2

Stage 2: High Growth ( 1750 10xs faster growth )

CDR plummets, NIR goes up.

In Europe and North America, Stage 2 caused by the IndustrialRevolution. ( began in England )

Technology, mass production and increase in wealth allowedsocieties to improve sanitation, health care, agricultural production,

public works, sewer systems. 1950s Latin America, Asia, and Africa reach stage 2 due to

medical revolution.( penicillin, vaccines )


St 3


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Stage 3

Stage 3: Moderate Growth

Crude Birth Rate drops dramatically, but population still

grows.

NIR is more modest

Europe and North America reached Stage 3 in early 20th

Century

Most of Asia and Latin America in stage 3

Most of Africa in Stage 2

- The changes in social customs account for the drop in the CBR.

People decide to have fewer children. Children in urban areas

are no longer assets.



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Stage 4

Stage 4: Low Growth

NIR approaches zero, where the CBR=CDR

Zero population growth= total fertility rate that results in a lack of

change in the total population over a long term.

The CBR can be somewhat higher than the CDR due to the death

of females that die during or before childbirth.

TFR of 2.1 equals a zero population growth.

Europe=TFR less than 2.1

USA still in stage 3 due to ethnic diversity, and high birth rates.

Social customs account much for Stage 4. Women in theworkforce, more educated about reproductive rights, changes in

lifestyles, birth control/ contraceptives.



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Stage 1 and 4 are similar, with no Natural Increase, but Stage 1 has high death and high birth rates

Stage 4 has low death and low birth rates and a larger

population.



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Demographic Transition (Cycle)Stage 1: High Stationary - high fertility & mortality (little long

term growth)

Stage 2: Early Expandinghigh fertility, declining mortality(increasing growth)

Stage 3: Late Expandingdeclining fertility & mortality

(continuing growth)

Stage 4: Low Stationarylow fertility & mortality (low tostagnant growth)


Question: 4


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Question:-4

Why is the study of population growth important?

Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the

Principle of Population.

Said that the population was growing faster than the earths

food supply.

Population increase geometrically while food increasesarithmetically.


M lth b li d i ti t l t i t l di


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Malthus believed societies must use moral restraint unless disease,

famine, or natural disasters keep birth rates low.

Neo-Malthusians- violence will result due to the scarcity of food

and lack of other resources.


MALTHUSS CRITICS


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MALTHUSS CRITICSBoserup- said that with more people, there is more production

and more ideas. Resources are not fixed, but are expanding.


Food production has increased at a faster rate than Malthuspredicted. There are better growing techniques and higheryielding seeds.

Boserup believed problem must be solved by internationalagencies that work to redistribute wealth and relief ( UN ).

Also showed that population has not increase as fast asMalthus said it would\


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Cornucopian Approach- emphasis on science and technology to

solve population problems.

Genetic engineering

Farming of oceans

Technology will educate populations and inevitably lead to

population decrease

POPULATION PYRAMIDS


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POPULATION PYRAMIDS

What they show :

Displayed by age and gender

Shows the percentage of the population in each age group and

the distribution of male and females

The length of the bar represents the percentage of the population

contained in that age group.


POPULATION PYRAMIDS


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POPULATION PYRAMIDS

The shape is determined by Crude Birth Rates.

Stage 2 has a broad base with dependants

Stage 4 has a rectangular or column like shape with 1/3

dependants.


chapter 2-the study of population

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