chapter 21 cladding with metal & glass. metal & glass curtain walls connected to, but...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 21Cladding with Metal & Glass
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Metal & Glass Curtain Walls
Connected to , but isolated from, the building frameSupport only their weight & resist lateral forces
Insulated & thermally brokenMaximize comfort, minimize H/C costs & condensation
Incorporate advanced glazing & spandrel materials (luminous & thermal properties)
Gaskets & drainage to prevent water infiltration
Architectural appearance & ease of installationInternal features, fasteners, etc. … concealedMultiple extrusion shapes, finishes, & colors
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Metal Frames - Extrusions
Aluminum - the metal of choiceDoesn’t corrode (beyond a thin oxidized layer)
Can accept, and hold, a variety of finishesEconomically fabricated - extruded (multiple shapes)
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Extrusion
Heated metal is forced through a dieContinuous ribbon of material Highly precise cross-section
Multiple shapes available
Die
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Extrusion
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Thermal Breaks
Aluminum - not a good insulator Cold climates - inside metal cold
Interior condensation (even frost)
Hot climates - metal cooled by AC Exterior condensation
System Needs - Thermal Break
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Thermal Break
Definition“internal components of insulating
material that isolate the aluminum on the interior side of the component (mullion) from aluminum on the exterior face”
Construction (rubber or plastics)
ThermalBreak
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Thermal Breaks
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Aluminum Finishes
Natural oxidized finish - not attractiveApplied CoatingsAnnodized coatings Organic coatings
Multi-coat sprayed
Powder Coatings sprayed powder - baked
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)Mechanical Finishes
brush, sandblast, polish, etc.
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Annodized Coatings
Oxidized coating produced in an acid bath
Additives can produce a number of colorsMost common - bronzes
Advantages:Extremely hard coatingVery good resistance to weather & fading
Disadvantage: color consistency
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Sampling
of
Mullion ColorsAluminum & Glass L.C.
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AssemblyComponents
MullionsShear Blocks
ScrewsGaskets
“Snap-ons”
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Modes of Curtain Wall Assembly
Stick Systems
Unit System
Panel Systems
Column Cover & Spandrel
System
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Stick SystemsComponents
•Vertical Mullions• Horizontal Mullions•Glass Panels•Spandrel Panels
Assembly•In the “Field”
Advantages•Minimal shipping bulk•Latitude for field adj.•“Hand” set components•Economical
Disadvantages•Built on “site”-•Quality Control
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‘Stick’ Systems
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Unit SystemsComponents
•Pre-assembled Framed Unit
Assembly•Factory Assembly•Field unit installation
Advantages•Minimizes on-site labor•Factory - “controlled”
Disadvantages•Larger shipping bulk•Site protection of mat’l•Heavier wgt. - cranes?
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Panel SystemsComponents
•Homogenous units•Formed from sheet metal
Assembly•Fabrication - shop•Field installed
Advantages•Minimizes on-site labor•Factory - “controlled”
Disadvantages•$ of custom molds•Larger shipping bulk•Site protection of mat’l•Heavier wgt. - cranes?
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Column Cover & Spandrel “emphasizes the structural module of the building”
Components•Column Covers•Spandrel panels•Glazing units
Assembly•Field installation
Disadvantages•Field Assembly•$ for custom design (no “standard” blg. module)
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Column Cover & Spandrel
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Types of GlazingOutside Glazed
“Glass installed (or replaced) from the outside”Simple mullion systemTypically more economical on low-rise blgs.
Inside Glazed“Glass installed (or replaced) from the inside”
More elaborate mullion components/system Higher material costs
Typically more convenient & economical on tall buildings Lower field labor costs
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Outside glazed “stick” system
Pressure Plate
Thermal Break
Snap Cover
Shear Block
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Stick system
“externally” glazed
Thermal Break
Interior Gaskets
Pressure Plate
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One Piece Extrusion
Two Piece Extrusion
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Building Anchorage
Mullion “Splicing”
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Inside Glazed
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Inside Glazed continued
Bottom Half of the Horizontal Mullion
Installed afterGlass Installation
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Expansion JointsMetal and Glass
Aluminum High coefficient of thermal expansionTwice the coefficient of Glass
Aluminum to Glass expansion / contraction GasketsBlocks (spacers) keep glass form Walking w/i opening
Aluminum mullion Expansion / ContractionTelescoping joints in vertical mullionsHorizontal mullions cut slightly short
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Sloped Glazing - Skylight
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Sloped Glazing - Skylight
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Unique Problems w/ Sloped Glazing
•Gravity “pulling” H2O thru the “System”•Internal Condensation•Both can cause
•discomfort - occupants•damage
Solution
• “Internal Drainage System
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Sloped Glazing - Skylight
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Cladding In Metal
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Sheets of Copper
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Stainless Steel
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SS Jointing
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Painted Metal Panels
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Metal Panels
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Aluminum Panels
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Aluminum Panel Column Covers
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Aluminum Panel Column Covers
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Aluminum Panels
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Experience Music Project‘Rock n Roll Museum’
Seattle(6 photos)
Stainless Steel,Copper, and Coated Metal Panels
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Curtain Wall Design
Complex & Specialized Process (often a proprietary system adopted that meets design criteria)
Design ‘specialists’ consulted
Concept drawings prepared by A&E
Detailed design documents prepared by manufacturer – followed by shop dwgs.
A/E reviews to ensure design compliance
Full-scale testing
Manufacturer and then erection
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Sustainability in Aluminum Cladding
Raw material plentiful, but refining requires considerable energy (embodied energy 6x steel)
Large quantities of water required for smelting & waste water contains pollutantsAluminum recycled at a very high rateExtrusions easy to produce and light weightPowder coating release no solvents into the atmosphere Low maintenance, but highly conductive (thermal breaks required)