Chapter 21 Section 1Chapter 21 Section 1

The Gilded Age and the The Gilded Age and the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

The Problems of the late The Problems of the late 1800s1800s

PovertyPoverty The spread of SlumsThe spread of Slums Poor working Poor working

conditions in conditions in factoriesfactories

Economic depressionEconomic depression Corrupt politiciansCorrupt politicians Corporations with Corporations with

lots of controllots of control

Solutions to the ProblemsSolutions to the Problems

SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS? -- A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS? -- A reform movement known as reform movement known as ProgressivismProgressivism

The Progressives had 3 Major GoalsThe Progressives had 3 Major Goals 1. Expand Democracy1. Expand Democracy 2. Protect Social Welfare2. Protect Social Welfare 3. Create Economic Reform3. Create Economic Reform

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

Organized group that controlled the Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.exchange for political or financial support.

Traded favors for votesTraded favors for votes Committed illegal acts / accepted bribesCommitted illegal acts / accepted bribes Tammany Hall Machine in NYC – Wm. Tweed - Tammany Hall Machine in NYC – Wm. Tweed -

stole from citystole from city Also built parks, sewers, schools, roads, helped Also built parks, sewers, schools, roads, helped

immigrants find jobs/homes (supported them immigrants find jobs/homes (supported them gratefully)gratefully)

Closely connected to urban growth was Closely connected to urban growth was the emergence of the powerful city the emergence of the powerful city machinemachine

The machines traded services for votesThe machines traded services for votes StreetsStreets BuildingsBuildings Public servicesPublic services Immigrants were in need of even more Immigrants were in need of even more

servicesservices

The Political Machine, Cont.The Political Machine, Cont.

Precinct WorkersPrecinct Workers – – Worked to gain voters’ support on a Worked to gain voters’ support on a

city block or in a neighborhood and reported to the ward boss.city block or in a neighborhood and reported to the ward boss. Ward BossWard Boss – – Helped the poor and gained votes by doing Helped the poor and gained votes by doing

favors or providing services. In return for votes they would favors or providing services. In return for votes they would

provide city jobs, contracts or appointments.provide city jobs, contracts or appointments. City BossCity Boss – – Controlled thousands of municipal jobs, Controlled thousands of municipal jobs,

including police, fire and sanitation departments. Controlled including police, fire and sanitation departments. Controlled business licenses and inspections. Had a lot of influence over business licenses and inspections. Had a lot of influence over courts and other municipal agencies. courts and other municipal agencies.

Organization of Political Organization of Political MachineMachine

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSSBOSS

The “Boss” The “Boss” (typically (typically the mayor) the mayor) controlled jobs, controlled jobs, business licenses, business licenses, and influenced the and influenced the court systemcourt system

Precinct captains Precinct captains and and ward bosses were ward bosses were often 1often 1stst or 2 or 2ndnd generation generation immigrants so they immigrants so they helped immigrants helped immigrants with naturalization, with naturalization, jobs, and housing in jobs, and housing in exchange for votesexchange for votes

Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDALSCANDAL

Some political bosses were corrupt

Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud

Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses

Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs”

The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

Became head of New York City’s Became head of New York City’s

Tammany Hall in 1863Tammany Hall in 1863 Tammany Hall was the powerful Tammany Hall was the powerful

Democratic political machine Democratic political machine Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed

Ring pocketed as much as $200 Ring pocketed as much as $200 million from the city in kickbacks and million from the city in kickbacks and payoffspayoffs

William Marcy TweedWilliam Marcy Tweed

What are some examples of What are some examples of Boss Tweed corruption? Boss Tweed corruption?

Reformers Organize Reformers Organize The The Social Gospel Social Gospel

MovementMovement preached preached salvation through salvation through service to the poorservice to the poor

Some reformers Some reformers established established Settlement Homes Settlement Homes

These homes These homes provided a place to provided a place to stay, classes, health stay, classes, health care and other social care and other social servicesservices

Jane Addams Jane Addams was was the most famous the most famous member of the member of the Settlement Settlement Movement (founded Movement (founded Hull HouseHull House in in Chicago)Chicago)

Jane Addams and Hull House

CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGEPATRONAGE

Nationally, some politicians Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the pushed for reform in the hiring system hiring system

The system had been based The system had been based on on Patronage; Patronage; giving jobs giving jobs and favors to those who and favors to those who helped a candidate get helped a candidate get electedelected

Reformers pushed for an Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified of hiring the most qualified for jobsfor jobs

The Pendleton Civil Service The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to bipartisan commission to make appointments for make appointments for federal jobs based on federal jobs based on performanceperformance

Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

Expanding Democracy & Expanding Democracy & Voting ReformsVoting Reforms

More people should be receiving benefits of More people should be receiving benefits of democracydemocracy Direct PrimaryDirect Primary: voters choose candidates: voters choose candidates InitiativeInitiative: voters propose laws directly: voters propose laws directly ReferendumReferendum: law is proposed – people vote : law is proposed – people vote

either for it, or against iteither for it, or against it RecallRecall: voters directly remove somebody from : voters directly remove somebody from

elected officeelected office 1717thth Amendment Amendment: U.S. Senators are now elected : U.S. Senators are now elected

directly by the votersdirectly by the voters

Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette Known as “Fighting Bob”Known as “Fighting Bob” Served as Wisconsin Served as Wisconsin

governor and later as governor and later as senatorsenator

Spearheaded many Spearheaded many Progressive reformsProgressive reforms Decreased power of Decreased power of

political machinespolitical machines Fought for clean Fought for clean

governmentgovernment Fought for laws that made Fought for laws that made

politicians accountablepoliticians accountable

Chapter 21 Section 3Chapter 21 Section 3

The Rights of Women and The Rights of Women and MinoritiesMinorities

Goals of the ProgressivesGoals of the Progressives

The goals of the Progressives were The goals of the Progressives were manymany

They regularly fought for laws – They regularly fought for laws – Against child laborAgainst child labor That promoted democracyThat promoted democracy That created economic reformsThat created economic reforms

Female ProgressivesFemale Progressives The early 1900s saw a The early 1900s saw a

spike in the number of spike in the number of college-educated womencollege-educated women

Many were pushed away Many were pushed away from male-dominated from male-dominated professions, leading professions, leading many educated women many educated women into Progressive causesinto Progressive causes TemperanceTemperance Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage Child Welfare & Political Child Welfare & Political

reformreform

The Temperance MovementThe Temperance Movement Called for the avoidance Called for the avoidance

and elimination of alcoholand elimination of alcohol The Woman’s Christian The Woman’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU) Temperance Union (WCTU) fought for state/local laws fought for state/local laws restricting alcoholrestricting alcohol

Many saw alcohol as a Many saw alcohol as a social evil, which led to social evil, which led to violence against women violence against women and childrenand children

Movement led to the Movement led to the passage of the 18passage of the 18thth AmendmentAmendment

The Suffrage MovementThe Suffrage Movement Opinions varied on why Opinions varied on why

some believed women some believed women should not vote.should not vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded Susan B. Anthony founded the National American the National American Woman Suffrage Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)Association (NAWSA)

Some women earned the Some women earned the right to vote on a state-by-right to vote on a state-by-state basisstate basis Wyoming first, followed by Wyoming first, followed by

Colorado, Idaho, & UtahColorado, Idaho, & Utah

Other female suffragists and Other female suffragists and aspects of the movementaspects of the movement

Carrie Chapman Catt: Pres. of the NAWSA, Carrie Chapman Catt: Pres. of the NAWSA, helped to mobilize more than 1 million helped to mobilize more than 1 million membersmembers

Alice Paul: Founded the National Woman’s Alice Paul: Founded the National Woman’s Party (NWP). Used parades, Party (NWP). Used parades, demonstrations, picketing, etc. to draw demonstrations, picketing, etc. to draw attention to the movementattention to the movement

1919thth Amendment: Granted Women the Amendment: Granted Women the right to vote. Ratified in 1920.right to vote. Ratified in 1920.

Discrimination faced by Discrimination faced by African AmericansAfrican Americans

Economic hardshipsEconomic hardships LynchingLynching: Racially motivated murders, usually : Racially motivated murders, usually

inflicted upon African-Americans for violation inflicted upon African-Americans for violation of a social code. More than 3,000 African-of a social code. More than 3,000 African-Americans lynched between 1885-1915.Americans lynched between 1885-1915.

Barriers to votingBarriers to voting Literacy TestsLiteracy Tests Poll TaxesPoll Taxes Grandfather ClausesGrandfather Clauses

Segregationists in the South tried to Segregationists in the South tried to weaken the political power for Black weaken the political power for Black people. How did they do this with each of people. How did they do this with each of the following tactics?the following tactics?

a.a. Literacy Tests Literacy Tests – –

Difficult, nearly impossible test to Difficult, nearly impossible test to determine determine ability to read/write. ability to read/write.

b.b. Poll Taxes Poll Taxes – –

Fee charged to Blacks only for the Fee charged to Blacks only for the purposes purposes of votingof voting

c. c. Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause – –

Voting rule that stated you could vote as Voting rule that stated you could vote as long as your grandfather had the long as your grandfather had the

right to right to votevote

African American Leaders African American Leaders vs. Discriminationvs. Discrimination

Booker T. Washington: Fought vs. Booker T. Washington: Fought vs. discrimination by encouraging African discrimination by encouraging African Americans to improve educational and Americans to improve educational and economic conditionseconomic conditions

W.E.B. Du Bois: Called for direct action W.E.B. Du Bois: Called for direct action and protests of racial injustice.and protests of racial injustice.

NAACP: Early Civil Rights group that NAACP: Early Civil Rights group that attacked discrimination through court attacked discrimination through court cases.cases.

Chapter 21 Section 4Chapter 21 Section 4

The Progressive PresidentsThe Progressive Presidents

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

Became President in Became President in 1901 when Pres. 1901 when Pres. William McKinley was William McKinley was assassinatedassassinated

Became the first Became the first “Progressive” President“Progressive” President

Wanted to ensure a Wanted to ensure a “square-deal” or “square-deal” or “fairness” for workers, “fairness” for workers, consumers, and consumers, and businessbusiness

Roosevelt the “trust-buster”Roosevelt the “trust-buster”

The The Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act of 1890 made it of 1890 made it illegal for corporations to form trusts (stops illegal for corporations to form trusts (stops businesses from controlling an entire industry)businesses from controlling an entire industry)

Roosevelt was the first president to enforce the Roosevelt was the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act

Broke up the railroad, tobacco, and Standard Broke up the railroad, tobacco, and Standard Oil Company trustsOil Company trusts

Also targeted poor conditions in meat-packing Also targeted poor conditions in meat-packing plantsplants Largely caused by Upton Sinclair’s Largely caused by Upton Sinclair’s The JungleThe Jungle

Roosevelt & ConservationRoosevelt & Conservation

T.R. was very worried T.R. was very worried about the loss of about the loss of natural resourcesnatural resources

Preserved more than Preserved more than 200 million acres200 million acres Wildlife refugesWildlife refuges National parksNational parks Protected the Grand Protected the Grand

Canyon in ArizonaCanyon in Arizona

William H. TaftWilliam H. Taft Taft won the presidency Taft won the presidency

in 1908, promising in 1908, promising continued Progressive continued Progressive reformsreforms

As president, Taft upset As president, Taft upset Progressives by not Progressives by not aggressively pursuing aggressively pursuing reformsreforms

Taft passed the Payne-Taft passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909Aldrich Tariff of 1909 Roosevelt and Roosevelt and

Progressives furious Progressives furious with Taftwith Taft

Promoting Social WelfarePromoting Social Welfare

Aid to the unemployedAid to the unemployed Minimum wage lawsMinimum wage laws Limits on the number of hours Limits on the number of hours

women and children could workwomen and children could work ProhibitionProhibition

Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform

Breaking up TrustsBreaking up Trusts Regulating industryRegulating industry

The The Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act of 1890 of 1890 made it illegal for corporations to made it illegal for corporations to form trusts (stops businesses from form trusts (stops businesses from controlling an entire industry)controlling an entire industry)