CHAPTER 21: THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR

“MILITARY PICNIC” AKA BATTLE OF BULL RUN

MANASSAS CREEK, VA.

1. A night out on the town!2. First official battle3. Both sides completely unorganized4. South wins and goes home! Union buckle down for the

long haul.5. Realities of war sets in quickly

TARDY GEORGE

Gen. McClellan

• Too cautious• Had the “slows” according

to Pres. Lincoln• Loss at the Seven Day

Battle a good thing; a quick and early win may have left slavery in existing states

• Lincoln replaces McClellan with Gen. Pope

WINFIELD SCOTT’S ANACONDA PLAN

TOTAL WAR

THE WAR AT SEA

• Blockade used by Union• Blockade running profitable

for southerners• Smuggling munitions from

GB via Bahamas and Canada• Union finally able to stop

much of the smuggling• Controlled Port Orleans and

Charleston• Seize British ships with war

goods = “ultimate destination”

• Merrimack helps south destroy union wooden warships; Monitor finally stops the Merrimack

Merrimack

Monitor

THE BRITISH STEAMER AND UNION BLOCKAGE RUNNER, DEE IN THE

HARBOR AT HAMILTON, BERMUDA, IN 1863.

SECOND BULL RUN

SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN

BATTLE AT ANTIETAM, MD (9/1862)

1. Deadliest battle yet; >26,000 casualties over two days

2. McClellan returns and saves Washington D.C from Lee

3. Lee plans found in dropped cigars!

4. McClellan removed again for good for not pursuing Lee.

5. British and French no longer willing to support the Confederacy

6. Lincoln realizes slavery must end once and for all = Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863

CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS @ ANTIETAM

SEPT 1862

THURSDAY 12/4EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

1. slaves considered contraband - only in the seceding states!

2. Perceived as a war to free slaves - Upset both North and South

3. South now unwilling to compromise

4. North has “morality” on their side?

5. EP precedes the 13th amendment

6. Many in south do not leave; many others do.

BLACKS AND THE C.W.

1. Allowed to fight in North after EP

a. Proven capable = Respected; 22 congressional medals of honor

b. Still discriminated againstc. soldiers captured and/or

killed in south; Fort Pillow, TN incident

d. Most Black Union soldiers from the south; 10%

e. Fought for south only one month; farm and labor for CSA

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

THE TURNING POINT

Next, Port Vicksburg and Hudson fall

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS:“REMAKING AMERICA”

We are no longer a collection of states but a

single nation

THE WESTERN FRONT

B. GRANT AND SHERMAN’STOTAL WAR

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA (9/’64)

1. Goal: to physically and psychologically destroy the South

2. Total War Anything that can be used by southern military is to be destroyed; includes slaves

3. Slaves in Northa. Put them to workb. Enlistc. Educate them

SHERMAN’S 40 ACRES AND A MULE

1. Special Field Order 15

2. Pres Johnson revokes agreement

WARTIME POLITICS

1. Copperheads – N. Dem. who were against the war

2. Radical Republicans – wanted to punish the South for causing

war

Rep.Thaddeus Stevens (Il)

Sen. Charles Sumner (Ma)

ELECTION 1864! National Unity Party:

Chooses Democrat Andrew Johnson to show solidarity for the Union amongst both Northerners and Southerners.

TOLL OF WAR: IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY = HIGH CASUALTIES

WOMEN AND THE C.W.1. Both sides unprepared2. Some felt job was

inappropriate; around strange men

3. By the end, respectable job for women

4. Took care of the farms5. Clara Burton =

American Red Cross

LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANTAT APPOMATTOX MARCH 1865

                                                   

JOHN WILKES BOOTHApril 14, 1865 shoots Lincoln in the head 5 days after Lee

surrendered