chapter 22-1chemistry 121 winter 2009 la tech sections chapter 22. nucleic acids human egg and sperm

Chapter 22-1Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech

SectionsSections

Chapter 22. Nucleic AcidsChapter 22. Nucleic Acids

Human egg and sperm.Human egg and sperm.


Chapter 22. Nucleic Acids-SectionsChapter 22. Nucleic Acids-Sections

22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids22.2 Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids22.2 Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids22.3 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure22.3 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure22.4 The DNA Double Helix22.4 The DNA Double Helix22.5 Replication of DNA Molecules22.5 Replication of DNA Molecules22.6 Overview of Protein Synthesis22.6 Overview of Protein Synthesis22.7 Ribonucleic Acids22.7 Ribonucleic AcidsChemistry at a Glance: DNA ReplicationChemistry at a Glance: DNA Replication22.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis22.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis22.9 The Genetic Code22.9 The Genetic Code22.10 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules22.10 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules22.11 Translation: Protein Synthesis22.11 Translation: Protein Synthesis22.12 Mutations22.12 MutationsChemistry at a Glance: Protein SynthesisChemistry at a Glance: Protein Synthesis22.13 Nucleic Acids and Viruses22.13 Nucleic Acids and Viruses22.14 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering22.14 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering22.15 The Polymerase Chain Reaction22.15 The Polymerase Chain Reaction22.16 DNA Sequencing 22.16 DNA Sequencing


Molecule of Adenine, a Molecule of Adenine, a nitrogen-containing nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base present heterocyclic base present in both RNA and DNA.in both RNA and DNA.

Adenine, a nucleic acid baseAdenine, a nucleic acid base


Two purine bases and Two purine bases and three pyrimidine three pyrimidine bases are found in bases are found in the nucleotides the nucleotides present in nucleic present in nucleic acids.acids.

Nucleic acid basesNucleic acid bases


Table 22.1 Table 22.1

NucleotidesNucleotides


Nucleic acid basesNucleic acid bases


Fig. 22.3 Fig. 22.3 The general structure of a nucleic acid in terms of The general structure of a nucleic acid in terms of nucleotide subunits.nucleotide subunits.

LipidsLipids cont’dcont’d


(a) The generalized (a) The generalized structure of a nucleic structure of a nucleic acid. (b) The specific acid. (b) The specific backbone structure backbone structure for a for a deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (c) The (DNA). (c) The specific backbone specific backbone structure for a structure for a ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA).(RNA).

Backbone structure for nucleic acidBackbone structure for nucleic acid


A four-nucleotide-A four-nucleotide-long segment of DNA.long segment of DNA.

DNA FragmentDNA Fragment


A comparison of the primary structures of nucleic acids A comparison of the primary structures of nucleic acids and proteins.and proteins.

Protiens and DNA ComparisonProtiens and DNA Comparison


A schematic drawing A schematic drawing of the DNA double of the DNA double helix that emphasizes helix that emphasizes the hydrogen the hydrogen bonding between bonding between bases on the two bases on the two chains.chains.

DNA double helixDNA double helix


Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding possibilitiespossibilities

Hydrogen bonding in Base PairsHydrogen bonding in Base Pairs


DNA replicationDNA replication


One strand of DNA grows continuously in the direction of One strand of DNA grows continuously in the direction of the unwinding, and the other grows in the opposite the unwinding, and the other grows in the opposite direction.direction.

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication


DNA replication usually occurs at multiple sites within a molecule, DNA replication usually occurs at multiple sites within a molecule, and the replication is bidirectional from these sites.and the replication is bidirectional from these sites.

DNA replication at multiple sitesDNA replication at multiple sites


Identical twins share Identical twins share identical physical identical physical characteristics characteristics because they because they received identical received identical DNA from their DNA from their parents.parents.

What in Common Twins Have?What in Common Twins Have?

© Erica Stone / Peter Arnold, Inc.


DNA replication…DNA replication… cont’d cont’d


A hairpin loop is produced when a single-stranded A hairpin loop is produced when a single-stranded RNA doubles back on itself and complementary RNA doubles back on itself and complementary base pairing occurs.base pairing occurs.

RNA hairpin loop RNA hairpin loop


Types of RNATypes of RNA


The transcription of DNA to form RNA involves an unwinding The transcription of DNA to form RNA involves an unwinding of a portion of the DNA double helix.of a portion of the DNA double helix.

Transcription of DNA to form RNATranscription of DNA to form RNA


Heterogenous nuclear RNA contains both exons and introns.Heterogenous nuclear RNA contains both exons and introns.

Exons and Introns of RNAExons and Introns of RNA


An hnRNA molecule containing four exons.An hnRNA molecule containing four exons.

Exons and Introns of RNAExons and Introns of RNA cont’d cont’d


Codes for Amino AcidsCodes for Amino Acids


A tRNA moleculeA tRNA molecule

tRNA moleculetRNA molecule


An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has an active site for tRNA and a An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase has an active site for tRNA and a binding site for the particular amino acid that is to be attached to binding site for the particular amino acid that is to be attached to that tRNA.that tRNA.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseAminoacyl-tRNA synthetase


The interaction The interaction between anticodon an between anticodon an codon.codon.

Anticodon and CodonAnticodon and Codon


Ribosomes have structures that contain two subunits.Ribosomes have structures that contain two subunits.

Ribosome StructureRibosome Structure


Initiation of protein synthesis begins with the formation of an initiation Initiation of protein synthesis begins with the formation of an initiation complex.complex.

Protein Synthesis: InitiationProtein Synthesis: Initiation


The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis.The process of translation that occurs during protein synthesis.Protein Synthesis: TranslationProtein Synthesis: Translation


Effects of AntobioticsEffects of Antobiotics


Several ribosomes can simultaneously proceed along a single Several ribosomes can simultaneously proceed along a single strand of mRNA. Such a complex of mRNA and ribosomes is strand of mRNA. Such a complex of mRNA and ribosomes is called a polysome.called a polysome.

PolysomePolysome


Protien Synthesis SummaryProtien Synthesis Summary


Image of an influenza Image of an influenza virus.virus.

Influenza virus.Influenza virus.

NIBSC / SPL / Photo Researchers


Recombinant DNA is made by inserting a gene obtained from DNA of Recombinant DNA is made by inserting a gene obtained from DNA of one organism into the DNA from another kind of organism.one organism into the DNA from another kind of organism.

Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA


Cleavage patterns resulting from the use of a restriction enzyme that Cleavage patterns resulting from the use of a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA between G and A bases.cleaves DNA between G and A bases.

Cleaving DNA patterns using restriction enzymesCleaving DNA patterns using restriction enzymes


The “sticky ends” of the cut plasmid and the gene are The “sticky ends” of the cut plasmid and the gene are complementary and combine to form recombinant DNA.complementary and combine to form recombinant DNA.

““sticky ends” of recombnantssticky ends” of recombnants


Polymerase chain reaction processPolymerase chain reaction process


Selected steps in the DNA sequencing procedure for the 10-base DNA Selected steps in the DNA sequencing procedure for the 10-base DNA segment 5’ AGCAGCTGGT 3’.segment 5’ AGCAGCTGGT 3’.

DNA sequencingDNA sequencing


Nucleic Acids - RNA and DNANucleic Acids - RNA and DNANucleic acidNucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight is a complex, high-molecular-weight

biochemical macromolecule composed of biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotidenucleotide chains that convey genetic chains that convey genetic information. information.

The most common nucleic acids are The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and and ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA). (RNA).

Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses.viruses.


NucleotidesNucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and

RNA.

• Serve as molecules to store energy and reducing power.

• The three major components in all nucleotides are phosphoric acid, pentose (ribose and deoxyribose),

and a base (purine or purimidine).

• Two major purines present in nucleotides are adenine (A) and guanine (G), and three major

purimidines are thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).


RibonucleotidesRibonucleotidesAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate

(GTP), which are the major sources of energy for cell (GTP), which are the major sources of energy for cell work. work.

- The phosphate bonds in ATP and GTP are high-energy - The phosphate bonds in ATP and GTP are high-energy bonds. bonds. - The formation of phosphate bonds or their hydrolysis is - The formation of phosphate bonds or their hydrolysis is the primary means by which cellular energy is stored or the primary means by which cellular energy is stored or used.used.

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).

The two most common carriers of reducing power The two most common carriers of reducing power for biological oxidation-reduction reactions.for biological oxidation-reduction reactions.


Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is formed by Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is formed by condensation of condensation of deoxyribonucleotidesdeoxyribonucleotides. .

The nucleotides are linked together between the 3’ and 5’ carbons’

successive pentose rings by phosphodiester

bonds

3

5


- DNA is a very large threadlike macromolecule DNA is a very large threadlike macromolecule (MW, 2X10(MW, 2X1099 D in D in E. coliE. coli). ).

- DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), thymine (T)thymine (T) and and cytosine cytosine ((CC).).

- DNA molecules are two stranded and have a DNA molecules are two stranded and have a double-helical three-dimensional structure.double-helical three-dimensional structure.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)


DNA Double-helical Structure


Double Helical DNA StructureDouble Helical DNA Structure

The main features of double helical DNA structure are as The main features of double helical DNA structure are as follows: . follows: .

- The phosphate and deoxyribose units are on the outer The phosphate and deoxyribose units are on the outer surface, but the bases point toward the chain center. surface, but the bases point toward the chain center. The plane of the bases are perpendicular to the helix The plane of the bases are perpendicular to the helix axis.axis.

-- The diameter of the helix is 2 nm, the helical structure The diameter of the helix is 2 nm, the helical structure repeats after ten residues on each chain, at an interval repeats after ten residues on each chain, at an interval of 3.4 nm.of 3.4 nm.

- The two chains are held together by The two chains are held together by hydrogen bondinghydrogen bonding between pairs of bases. between pairs of bases. Adenine (Adenine (AA) - thymine () - thymine (TT),), guanines (guanines (GG) - cytosine () - cytosine (CC).).

- The sequence of bases along a DNA strand is not - The sequence of bases along a DNA strand is not restricted in any way and carries genetic information, restricted in any way and carries genetic information, and sugar and phosphate groups perform a structure and sugar and phosphate groups perform a structure role. role.


Regeneration of DNA from original DNA segments.Regeneration of DNA from original DNA segments.


http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/repanim.htm

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html#

http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/DNA%20Replication%20-%20long%20.html



- DNA helix unzips and forms two separate DNA helix unzips and forms two separate strands.strands.

- Each strand will form a new double strands.Each strand will form a new double strands.

- The two resulting double strands are identical, The two resulting double strands are identical, and each of them consists of one original and and each of them consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand. one newly synthesized strand.

-- This is called semiconservative replication.This is called semiconservative replication.

- The base sequences of the new strand are The base sequences of the new strand are complementary to that of the parent strand.complementary to that of the parent strand.


Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is formed by condensation Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is formed by condensation

of of ribonucleotidesribonucleotides..

RNA is a long, unbranched macromolecule and may RNA is a long, unbranched macromolecule and may contain 70 to several thousand nucleotides. RNA contain 70 to several thousand nucleotides. RNA molecule is usually single stranded. molecule is usually single stranded.

RNA contains adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) RNA contains adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and and uracial (Uuracial (U).). A-U, G-C in some double helical A-U, G-C in some double helical regions of t-RNA.regions of t-RNA.


Classification of RNAClassification of RNAAccording to the function of RNA, it can be classified as:According to the function of RNA, it can be classified as:

Messenger RNAMessenger RNA: (m-RNA) synthesized on chromosome : (m-RNA) synthesized on chromosome and carries genetic information to the ribosomes for and carries genetic information to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. It has short half-life.protein synthesis. It has short half-life.

Transfer RNATransfer RNA (t-RNA) is a relatively small and stable (t-RNA) is a relatively small and stable molecule that carries a specific amino acid from the molecule that carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the site of protein synthesis on cytoplasm to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes.ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA (r-RNA) is the major component of (r-RNA) is the major component of ribosomes, constituting nearly 65%. r-RNA is ribosomes, constituting nearly 65%. r-RNA is responsible for protein synthesis.responsible for protein synthesis.

RibozymesRibozymes are RNA molecules that have catalytic are RNA molecules that have catalytic properties.properties.


Summary of Nucleic AcidsSummary of Nucleic Acids

NucleotidesNucleotides are basic units of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. are basic units of nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides include pentose, base and phosphoric acid.Nucleotides include pentose, base and phosphoric acid.

Bases include purine or pyrimidine.Bases include purine or pyrimidine.

Two major purines present in nucleotides are adenine (A) Two major purines present in nucleotides are adenine (A) and guanine (G), and three major pyrimidines are and guanine (G), and three major pyrimidines are thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

RibonucleotidesRibonucleotides- adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores energy. - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores energy. - NAD and NADP are important carriers of reducing - NAD and NADP are important carriers of reducing power. power.


DNADNA

DNA contains genetic information.DNA contains genetic information.

DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), and DNA contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), and thymine (T), and cytosine (C). A-thymine (T), and cytosine (C). A-TT G-C G-C

DNA has a double helical structure. DNA has a double helical structure.

The bases in DNA carry the genetic The bases in DNA carry the genetic information. information.

Summary of Nucleic AcidsSummary of Nucleic Acids


RNA• RNA functions as genetic information-carrying

intermediates in protein synthesis.

• It contains adenine (A) and guanine (G), and cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

• m-RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

• t-RNA transfers amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

• r-RNA is for protein synthesis.

Summary of Nucleic Acids


Summary of Cell ConstructionSummary of Cell Construction

Biopolymers protein Carbohydrates(polysaccharides)

DNA RNA lipids

subunit

bonds for subunit linkage

functions

Characteristic three-D structure

Chemistry 121 Winter

2009

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chapter 22-1chemistry 121 winter 2009 la tech sections chapter 22. nucleic acids human egg and sperm

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