Chapter 22

Review and Discussion

Moscow Rises In PowerMoscow Rises In Power 1.1. During the Mongol During the Mongol

period, the princes of period, the princes of Moscow steadily Moscow steadily increased their power. increased their power.

2. The Russian Orthodox 2. The Russian Orthodox moves to Moscow moves to Moscow eventually the seat of eventually the seat of power is moved there.power is moved there.

3. Moscow became the 3. Moscow became the “Third Rome” “Third Rome”

Ivan the Great: First TsarIvan the Great: First Tsar• Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol

tribute tribute • Won many battles and Won many battles and

recovered lost territory recovered lost territory • Suppressed boyar powers Suppressed boyar powers • claimed the leadership of the claimed the leadership of the

Eastern Orthodox Empire Eastern Orthodox Empire • Took the title Took the title czar (tsar) czar (tsar) the the

Russian word for Russian word for Caesar Caesar • Recruited peasants and other Recruited peasants and other

them freedom from their them freedom from their feudal lords if they agreed to feudal lords if they agreed to settle in New lands to the Eastsettle in New lands to the East

Ivan IV Ivan IV akaaka Ivan the Terrible! Ivan the Terrible! • Grandson of Ivan the Great Grandson of Ivan the Great • Ruled from 1547-1584 Ruled from 1547-1584

Why Terrible? Why Terrible? • he resorted to torture, he resorted to torture,

exile, and execution to exile, and execution to punish those who plotted punish those who plotted against him against him

• Significantly expanded Significantly expanded Russia’s territory and Russia’s territory and Russia prospered!Russia prospered!

His Family…. His Family…. Tragic, read on… Tragic, read on…

• In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared immodestly dressed and Ivan censured her. immodestly dressed and Ivan censured her.

• His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife, His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife, whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only possible respectable heir. possible respectable heir.

• This left as heir Ivan’s feebleminded son Fyodor This left as heir Ivan’s feebleminded son Fyodor (reigned 1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a (reigned 1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a line that extended back seven centuries. line that extended back seven centuries.

• Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate because his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the because his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the church only permitted three marriages, and church only permitted three marriages, and recognized none of Ivan’s later wives). recognized none of Ivan’s later wives).

• Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife or was murdered in 1591 or was murdered in 1591

St. Basil’s CathedralSt. Basil’s Cathedral•Legend has it that Legend has it that Ivan the Terrible, Ivan the Terrible, who was Tsar of who was Tsar of Russia at the time, Russia at the time, blinded the blinded the architect architect when it was when it was finished, finished, to prevent him to prevent him from building from building anything as anything as spectacular for any spectacular for any other king. other king.

Late Medieval Late Medieval RussiaRussia

Russia is in a Russia is in a Period of Period of disorder: disorder:

• Open to Open to invasion invasion

• Isolated from Isolated from Europe Europe

• Untouched by Untouched by Renaissance or Renaissance or the the Reformation Reformation

• Enters the Enters the “Time of “Time of Troubles”Troubles” - - 1604-1613 1604-1613

Russian Russian MonarchyMonarchyMedieval Russia Medieval Russia 

• group of clergy, group of clergy, 

nobles and townsnobles and townsmen men chose a new czar chose a new czar 

• Romanov dynastyRomanov dynasty  established with established with Mikhail RomanovMikhail Romanov

• lasts until 1917 wlasts until 1917 withthe Communistiththe Communist  Revolution. Revolution. 

Romanov Romanov CrownCrown

Mikhail Mikhail RomanovRomanov

Russia Before PeterRussia Before PeterLook at the factsLook at the facts: : • 10 million people, 8.5 serfs 10 million people, 8.5 serfs • Boyars (landowning nobles) control Boyars (landowning nobles) control

the court and government the court and government • Very Anti-Western European culture Very Anti-Western European culture • Majority of population are Majority of population are

uneducateduneducated

• Goals Goals – To modernize, westernize To modernize, westernize

Russia Russia – Establish absolute Establish absolute

monarchy monarchy

• Journeyed to Western Journeyed to Western Europe to learn… Europe to learn… – Anatomy Anatomy – Dentistry Dentistry – Carpenter in shipyard Carpenter in shipyard – Government structure of Government structure of

English Parliament English Parliament

• Brought Experts to Brought Experts to RussiaRussia – Technical experts, Technical experts,

teachers, soldiers, and teachers, soldiers, and noblesnobles

The Westernization of The Westernization of RussiaRussia

Peter the GreatPeter the Great• Built a new capital at St. Petersburg and Built a new capital at St. Petersburg and committed to a policy of committed to a policy of westernizationwesternization in in Russia. Russia. •To impose his will, Peter To impose his will, Peter became the most became the most autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs. autocratic of Europe’s absolute monarchs.

• No to political liberalization•Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control and increased the burden of taxes and labor on the serfsand increased the burden of taxes and labor on the serfs““Great Northern War” Great Northern War”

broke Swedish control over the Baltic and broke Swedish control over the Baltic and established direct contact between Russia and established direct contact between Russia and EuropeEurope

Peter the Peter the Great’s Great’s

Major ChangesMajor Changes

Took Took control control

of of churchchurch

Made the Made the boyars boyars

serve in serve in the gov’tthe gov’t

Modernized Modernized armyarmy

Adopts Adopts MercantilisMercantilis

mm

Brought Brought in in

Europe’s Europe’s TechnoloTechnology and gy and

CraftsmaCraftsmann

Builds St. Builds St. PetersburPetersbur

gg

WesternizatioWesternization of Russian of Russia

Requires Requires European European Dress & No Dress & No Beards!Beards!

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great r. 1762-1796r. 1762-1796

•Born in 1729 in Born in 1729 in Germany Germany today modern day today modern day Poland Poland

•Gains the throne by Gains the throne by “stealing it” (maybe) “stealing it” (maybe) from her murdered from her murdered husband, Peter III!husband, Peter III!

•began state-began state-sponsored sponsored education for boys education for boys and girls. and girls. • embraced and embraced and encouraged Western encouraged Western ideas and culture. ideas and culture. • granted special granted special privileges to the privileges to the boyars. boyars. • Allows serfdom to Allows serfdom to continue continue • repressed peasant repressed peasant rebellions.rebellions.•Built the world’s Built the world’s largest land empirelargest land empire

Catherine’s Catherine’s

PalacePalace

Peter the GreatPeter the Great: : • created the largest standing army created the largest standing army

in Europein Europe• On land won from Sweden, Peter On land won from Sweden, Peter

built a magnificent new capital city, built a magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg.

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great: : 1.1. gained a warm-water port on the gained a warm-water port on the

Black Sea Black Sea 2.2. agreed to partition Poland and agreed to partition Poland and

gained the eastern portion. gained the eastern portion.

Expansion of Russia, Expansion of Russia, 1689-1689-17961796

St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg

Romanov Romanov Dynasty Dynasty HeritageHeritageMoscow in 1810

Moscow in 1810

Last Romanov CzarLast Romanov Czar Murdered w/ family in Murdered w/ family in

19171917

Expansion of Russia, Expansion of Russia, 1689 – 17961689 – 1796

Decline of the late Ming

• Drop in annual temperatures between 1645 and 1700– Led to agricultural distress, migration, distress, and

uprising

• Inflation caused by new world silver• Threats in the borders

– From Mongols to the north and west– Suffered heavy losses by helping Koreans against

Japanese invasions– Japanese pirates

• Qing (Manchu) overthrew the Ming in 1644

Qing China

Emperor Kangxi

Emperor Kangxi r. 1662-1722• Intellectual prodigy and a successful military

commander who expanded his territory and gave it a high degree of stability

• Reign of 61 years makes him the longest reigning Emperor of China

• Cultural diffusion• adapted Mongol system of political organization;

the Tibetan practice of religious legitimization for rulers; Korean and Chinese agricultural policies; and European mapping and technology ( influenced by the Jesuits).

Order and Unity RestoredOrder and Unity RestoredUnder the Tokugawas,1603-Under the Tokugawas,1603-

18681868• The Tokugawa The Tokugawa

shogunate was the shogunate was the longest period of longest period of uninterrupted peace uninterrupted peace Japan ever enjoyed. Japan ever enjoyed.

Kabuki TheaterKabuki Theater Created by Created by OkuniOkuni, a , a

woman but actors are woman but actors are now all men, why? now all men, why?

Tokugawa disapproved Tokugawa disapproved of women having an of women having an elevated status and elevated status and forbid it! forbid it!

Kabuki theater is Kabuki theater is famous for its brightly famous for its brightly colored sets, colored sets, exaggerated acting, exaggerated acting, and lively and and lively and emotional music and emotional music and dance. dance.

Kabuki is the most Kabuki is the most popular form of popular form of traditional Japanese traditional Japanese theater. theater.

Kabuki Theater Tour Kabuki Theater

http://www.fix.co.jp/kabuki/kabuki.html

Bunraku Bunraku •Bunraku (puppet theater) traditional art form

•Three puppeteers manipulate the puppets, creating subtle movements and expressions.

•The performance is accompanied by shamisen music and narrative song

Review: Review: The Culture of Feudal JapanThe Culture of Feudal Japan

Japanese painters were influenced by Chinese landscape paintings, yet developed their own styles. Painters recreated historical events on scrolls. Woodblock prints used fresh colors and simple lines to convey town life.

Essays expressed Zen values or contained observations about human nature. Japanese poets adapted Chinese models, creating miniature poems called haiku.

No plays presented Zen Buddhist themes or recounted fairy tales or power struggles. Kabuki, a popular new form of drama, combined drama, dance, and music. Puppet plays, known as bunraku, were popular.

PAINTING & PRINTMAKING

LITERATURETHEATER

“Forty-seven Ronin” incident 1702

• Showed basic flaw in the Shogunal government

• Forced the military, to obey the civil law in the interests of building a centralized, standardized system of law (transformed from a military to a civil society)