chapter 22 animal nutrition msu anatomy and physiology
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Nutritional Needs of Animals Essential Nutrient: compound needed for normal growth and /or survival that cannot be synthesized in the body Requirements vary with: age, stage of development, environment, activity, and geneticsTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 22Animal Nutrition
MSU Anatomy and Physiology
Nutritional Needs of Animals Animal Nutrition: the science of dealing with
how animals use food in the body and how all body processes transform food into body tissues and activities Nutritional Needs are dependent upon metabolic
state (age, activity, gender) Process animals need to grow, live, reproduce, and
work Each species has its own requirements for a
balanced diet Producers want animals to grow quickly
Nutritional Needs of Animals Essential Nutrient: compound needed for
normal growth and /or survival that cannot be synthesized in the body Requirements vary with: age, stage of development,
environment, activity, and genetics
Nutritional Needs of Animals Ration: total amount of food an
animal has in a 24 hour period May be fed at specific times or as one meal Balanced Ration: contains all nutrients required by
the animal in correct amounts That portion of the nutrient which may be broken
down (digested), absorbed, and used by the body
Metabolism
What is metabolism? How the body uses food Anabolic- constructive process
Catabolic- destructive process Affected by hormones- endocrine system
Blood glucose regulations
Anabolism (p. 378)
Breakdown of carbohydrates produce glucose Stimulates need for insulin from pancreas Insulin stimulates skeletal muscles to take glucose
or glycogen for energy Amino acids are absorbed for protein synthesis
(stimulated by insulin)
Catabolism
After meal is digested and absorbed, blood glucose concentration decreases Drop in glucose, endocrine secretions produce drop
in insulin secretion and rise in release of glucagon
Species Comparison
Ruminants have lower blood glucose levels than other herbivores
They must have continuous glucose being produced in the liver
NutrientsDefinition of a Nutrient: Component of food that are necessary to sustain life and normal growth
****Six essential nutrients that animals require are: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
Water Most essential nutrient 2/3 of an animal’s body is water Helps body to maintain constant
temperature Flushes the animal’s body of waste and
toxic materials A loss of 20% of body water will result in
death Animals generally need about three pounds
of water for every pound of solid food they consume
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy Include sugars, starches, and cellulose Almost all come from plants Generally found in grain, wheat, oats,
and barley Largest part of an animal’s food supply
75% of the diet Not stored in the body and must be
provided daily Converted to fats
Carbohydrates
1. Sugars: fruits and milk Simple- called monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose Double- called disaccharides
Sucrose-table sugar
2. Starches: grains and plants Converted to glucose during digestion Cereals, oats, and corn
3. Fiber: plant cells Material left after food is digested Aids in digestion and bacteria in the intestinal tract Hay and grass
Fats Lipids- term for fats and oils Fats are solid Oils are liquids Energy source Insulates animals in cold weather Increases palatability of taste of
food Source of fatty acids
Proteins Structure and function of cells Form chains of amino acids Deficiency leads to poor growth and body weight,
poor immune system, and poor health Increased protein can lead to kidney problems Essential amino acids
Supplied in diet Dogs need 10 Cats need 11- additional need for taurine Nonessential amino acids
Synthesized by diet
Proteins Biologic value- describes quality of the
source High values are more easily digested Expressed in % Common sources of protein:
eggs fish and soybean meal milk beef corn
Minerals
Macrominerals- minerals needed in large amounts Calcium: bone and teeth formation Phosphorus: aids in use of protein Iron: strength and hemoglobin for RBC’s
Minerals
Microminerals- trace minerals needed in smaller amounts Iodine: strength and vital signs production Magnesium: muscles Sodium: water balance Potassium: transfer nutrients
Vitamins Function: they act as coenzymes for biochemical reactions Fat soluble:
Stored in fat and liver and released when needed Vitamins A, D, E, K Vitamin A most common vitamin NOT available in
commercial foods Water soluble:
Dissolved by H20 and needed daily Vitamins B complex, biotin, C, folic acid and niacin
Vitamins are supplied to the body through the use of supplements Additives placed into the diet in solid or liquid form when
needed by the animal
Animal Nutrition and Concentrations Concentration of food is dependent on how it is delivered to the
animals based on dry matter, the amount of nutrients without the water determined by the amount of food fed divided by the percentages of
dry matter * Digestion – break down of food from large molecules to smaller
molecules
Diet Formulation
Types of Diets Different species, ages
of animals, activity of animals, and health status of an animals all must be considered
Factors to consider: age, environment, species, size, health condition, breed, and medical history
Growth Diets Young animals may be placed on it Specialized and formulated to increase the
size of muscles, bones, organs, and weight Include nutrients such as protein, vitamins,
and minerals Each animal species will have specific needs
and requirements
Maintenance Diets
Given to adult animals that are in their prime age and in a healthy condition
Require energy to work and be active, energy to maintain the body’s temperature, and energy for good health
Consist of high fat and carbohydrates and small amounts of proteins, vitamins, and minerals
Reproductive Diets Given to breeding animals for additional
nutrient needs First trimester of a pregnancy in animals is the
most critical time for nutrition Male breeding animals require a diet in order to
produce sperm
Lactation Diets Provided to females
that have completed the gestation phase and are producing milk in order to nurse young
Require large amounts of water, high amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals calcium and phosphorus
Work Diets For livestock that need and
use a large amount of energy for some types of work
Plow animals, draft animals, race horses, hunting animals, plus show and competition animals
Need increased carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals
Reduced Calorie Diets Often for animals that are
overweight or less active due to health complications
Specific for low energy needs of animals and are formulated with decreased amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Moderate vitamins and minerals
Senior Diets Specific to age and
health Usually low in
carbohydrates and fats; moderate in protein
Formulated for animal types based on digestive systems
Feed Types
Feeding Animals
Feed is what animals eat in order to obtain nutrients and nutrition
Feedstuff is the ingredients in animal food that help determine the nutrient contents
Divided into classes based on the most numerous type of nutrient
Forages
Roughages – high in fiber and are plant-based sources
Most are low in protein with the exception of alfalfa hay
Hay and grass forage sources tend to be relatively inexpensive; are dependent on the weather
Concentrates
Food sources that are provided to an animal as an additional nutrient source when the primary food source is not adequate or abundant
High in protein and energy
Supplements They are provided when necessary as a diet additive during
specific health or conditional requirements May be a vitamin, a mineral, or a mineral block such as salt
Body Condition Scoring Weight is measured by an ideal body appearance Rating of how an animal outwardly appears is
based on an ideal weight On a 1-10 scale, 5 is average and considered ideal
weight, 7 and 10 are overweight, 4 and below are underweight
Food Analysis
Process of determining the nutrients in food and prepared mixes to assure it serves as a balanced ration
Legally required to be placed on food label Nutritional information is prepared by the
National Research Council (NRC) Required on label: product name, nutrient
list, bar code, and manufacturer’s name and address
Feeding Schedules
Feeding animals may be done by free choice or by scheduled feedings
Free choice allows animals to eat whenever they want food
Scheduled feedings are more common for companion animals or livestock that are housed separately or are in reduced numbers