chapter 22: n ation states: france - gb

Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB

• France and Napoleon III• 1851 – 1860 – Great decade for Napoleon!• Conservative reign...censorship...great

influence by RCC...secures the rights of property holders

• Post 1860 – he becomes...more liberal.• Permits unions...free debate in

legislature...more free trade


• Most of this change was trying to mask his foreign policy missteps.

• Failure ort maintain territory as Italy was unifying.• Sideline view as Austria lost to Prussia.• Disastrous loss to the Prussians.• So, we might think that France would be seeking

a change from this Emperor. • Correct!!!


• BY the battle of Sedan, and napoleon’s defeat and capture, the Second French Empire is over.

• We move to the Third Republic...• Now we get to a critical moment in history: The

Paris Commune.• Parisians felt betrayed by those signing for

peace at Versailles, while they remained under Prussian control and attack.


• Paris Commune continued...• Hence, Paris was looking to separate

themselves form the rest of France, and rule themselves, by themselves.

• Literally, French Troops were firing upon the radicals in Paris.

• This as not, as Marx would claim it to be, the first true Proletarian Revolt.


• It was not a workers revolt, but on of the “petty bourgeoisie” – then middle class urban workers.

• And, the fact that it was suppressed represented a victory for the nation State.

• What was the Third Estate, and how did it work??


• As calls for a new monarchy were split between two Royal Houses (Bourbon andf Orleans) France kind of defauled to a republican form of government.

• By 1873, Prussian troops left.• Adolphe Thiers – the radical in charge of the

Commune was ousted, and France formed its Third Republic.


• Rather than default back to aMOnarchy, France now had a Chamber of Deputies electe by Universal male suffrage.

• A senate chosen by indirect voting.• And a President elected by both of theses

houses.• This proved to be a rather flexible government,

and would survive many scandals, especially the Dreyfus Affair.


• Dreyfus Affair:• Alfred Drays is found guilty by a French Court

of passing info to Germany.• Dreyfus was Jewish, and became a convenient

scapegoat for the French Military.• We see an exposure of the depth of Anti-

Semitism in France, from the Catholic church to the Conservatives to the Military to the Press.


• Emile Zola, the great French Novelist, will write “J’accuse.”

• It exposes not only the rampant anti-Semitism in France at this time but the inherent corruption within the Military.

• This begins a long-term conflict between the conservatives and the far left radicals that will take us all the way to WWII, and beyond.


• Hapsburg Empire – we are reaching the end for them!

• Standing Army• Kneeling Priests• Crawling Informers.• Primarily, still, agrarian...• Dynastic• Absolutist


• As they try and remain a Vienna centers dynasty, attempts to keep their vast holdings in line will prove to be their undoing.

• Impact of nationalism, and the post 1848 climate will mean that you simply can’t govern this way anymore.

• Roman Catholic church controlling education is typical of their outdated thinking.


• Since they didn't support Russia in Crimea (see how important that little war was...Russia no longer supports Austrian control over the Magyars.

• Austria is defeated by France and Piedmont (Italian Unification)

• October Diploma – 1860 – A Federation? Please!!!


• February Patent – 1861 – Last gasp...• Still the Magyars are denied a real voice in the

government.• As we mix in the defeat of Austria by Prussia,

we reach a point where the Austrians will have to deal with the Magyars.

• 1867 – Habsburg Empire disappears, and we now have the Dual Monarchy – Austria Hungary.


• This was dual Monarchy in name only. • Both were essentially separate states.• Key issue that remains is the degree to

which nationalities were still uneasy underneath this Empires umbrella.

• Examples:


• Beyond Hungary, what of the rest of the Habsburg domains?

• Most were against the Compromise of 1867 – which really meant that the would remain faceless and dominated by the Austrians and the Hungarians.

• The Czechs were the most vocal critics. The even called for “Trialism” – but that was squashed.


• Growth of nationalism in the last 25 years of the 1800’s: This is critical!!!~

• Expansion of education, and a focus on language, culture and shared history.

• Growth of political, radicalism would engender further movements toward a national agenda.

• The growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire would cause rise of nationalism in the Balkans.


• Croats and Poles sought independent states• Calls for a Southern Slavic State• Serbia was looking to expand their

boundaries in the Balkans, at the expense of the Ottomans and Austro/Hungarian Empires.

• Many Germans in the Austrian Empire sought to join the newly formed state of Germany


• Hence, Nationality will touch the:• Russian Empire• Austrian Empire• German Empire• Ottoman Empire• BY the end of WWI, each of these empires

will have disappeared!!!


• Russia:• Alexander II – Post Crimea and Reform.• Abolition of Serfdom – This is doen before the

abolition of servitude in other places, particularily the Unite States.

• Land does not follow their freedom, however.• They had to pay to be eventually free.


• Local Governmental Reform.• As serfdom changes, so to does the model

for local Government.• Village model replaces the Lord/Nobility

model.• Legal system is revamped y Alexander II –

Equality befoe the law, fair hearings,trial by Jury.


• Military reform: had to be modernized, and te length of service was diminished.

• Discipline would be relaxed as well – it ha been historically brutal.

• The repression in Poland reminds us that this was not exactly an era of good feelings in Russia.

• And, despite these changes, Alexander II does not gain popular support from the masses.


• Revolutionary Fever in Russia:• Populism - a radical movement/critique of

Russian Rule began to grow as a movement.• Social revolution, a society based on the

communal life of the peasantry was posed as the ideal system.

• Land and Freedom – was the primary group associated with this movement.


• It would not be the peasants themselves that would rise up, but theywould be lead/encouraged by student intellectuals from the citis that would spread to the countryside.

• Ironically, the peasantswould remain fiercely loyal and conservative, and turned many of the studenst in to the secret police.

• As gthe Tsar pushed harder against them, they pushed back.


• Like we will see later, the movemen Land and Freedom would split, and amore radical faction called the “People’s Will” would have a more violent agenda.

• March, 1881 – they succeed in assassinating the Tsar.

• Obviously, after this, an era of progressive reform would not be possible in Russia.

• Alexander III would revert to centralized power, secret police and censorship.

chapter 22: n ation states: france - gb

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