chapter 22 part 2
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Chapter 22 Part 2. The Industrial Revolution. A Growing demand for textiles. Led to the world’s first large factories The constant shortage of thread caused new inventions of the proto-industrial period - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 22Part 2
The Industrial Revolution
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A Growing demand for textiles
Led to the world’s first large factories The constant shortage of thread caused
new inventions of the proto-industrial period
The key event of the industrial revolution was the steam engine’s application to textile production:
Richard Arkwright used the steam engine to power looms and required factory production
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Metallurgical industries Boomed as they provided the machinery
By 1790 new machines produced ten times as much cotton yarn as in 1770
By 1800 production of cotton thread was England’s most important industry
By 1850 England produced ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
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Cotton Goods Became much cheaper and were
enjoyed by all classes
Poor people could afford underwear!
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Steam engines and coal A revolution in energy! Went from wood-burning (charcoal)
to coal-burning
Before 1789 charcoal was the feul mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron
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Deforestation Occurred in England and parts of
Europe
Coal provided steam power used in many industries
By 1850 England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal
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The Steam Engine In 1698 Thomas Savory and in 1705
Thomas Newcomen invented the steam pump to pump water out of mines
Both of the above were really inefficient
They had replaced mechanical pumps powered by animals
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James Watt in 1769 Invented the first efficient steam
engine
Was a chemist who was working with a problematic Newcomen steam engine.
He moved the condenser…
Was the most fundamental advance in technology
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Steam Power Began to replace water power in
cotton-spinning mills in the 1780’s
Other mills as well: flour, malt, flint
Radical changes in manufacturing and transport
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The Iron Industry Was also radically changed by steam
power
Rising supplies of coal gave rise to rising iron production which gave rise to heavy industry (the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production)
Iron production switched rapidly from charcoal to coke in smelting pig iron
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Henry Cort 1780’s Developed the Puddling Furnace:
allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
By 1850 England produced more than ½ of the world’s iron
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Transportation Radical changes made possible by
steam power
Needed faster ways to distribute finished goods AND to procure raw materials to factories
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New Canal Systems The Duke of Bridgewater at the
forefront
Canals connected waterways AND worked with other industries: RR’s
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Hard-surfaced Roads Pioneered by John McAdam Big improvement in over-land travel
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Steamboats 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont On the Hudson River Made 2-way river transport possible Made travel on high seas faster
1838 first steamship crossed the Atlantic
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Railroads 1803 First steam wagon in London
1825 George Stephenson made the railway locomotive commercially successful
By 1829 the locomotive was widely used in England
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The Rocket 1830 The world’s first important RR Manchester to Liverpool In the heart of industrial England 16 mph
By 1840’s: many private companies organized to build more
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Impact of the RR Big reduction in the cost of shipping
freight on land Caused growing regional and
national markets Helped to increase the #s of the
urban working class who came from the countryside
Many cottage workers BUILT the RRs then used the RRs to find work
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England in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the
world’s cotton cloth Produced more than ½ of the
world’s iron GNP between 1801-1850 was up by
350%! Population: 9 million in 1780 to 21
million in 1851
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Per capita income Increased 100% between 1801-1851
The economy grew faster than population
Caused a great demand for labor
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The Crystal Palace Built by the English to celebrate
England’s success with the industrial age
All Glass and Iron 1851 international exhibit Prince Albert supervised the work
Was 1/3 of a mile long 800,000 square feet