chapter 22 the plant kingdom. plants what are plants? eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have...
TRANSCRIPT
Plants What are plants?
Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis
For the most part, they are terrestrial Live in almost all types of environment Can be big, or can be small Remember, they are autotrophic!
Plants are Invading the Land! About 500 million years ago, a group of green
algae developed adaptations that enabled them to invade the land.
• Over 85% of land plants are flowering plants, the Angiosperms.
• 14% are mosses and ferns.
• 1% are conebearing plants (Gymnosperms).
• The challenges to invading the land include:
• preventing water loss
• absorbing and transporting water
• fertilization and protection of the embryo
• Structural support
Alternation of Generations Plants have a life cycle that involves two distinctly different
generations
Sporophyte generation is diplod (2N) and has plant parts in which meiosis can take place to be haploid
Gametophyte generation is haploid (N) and develops structures that produce gametes The gametes will be produced through mitosis
When two haploid gametes unite a diploid zygote is formed
Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts,
and are commonly known as bryophytes
They all have these following characteristics
They lack vascular tissue They do not have true roots or leaves The gametophyte generation is the most prominent part of
the life cycle Sperm swim to the egg
Moss Life Cycle The moss plant you generally see is the
gametophyte generation Two structures that produce gametes Antheridium is made up of a jacket of
cells surrounding the developing sperm Archegonium is a flask shaped structure
that produces the egg When sperm mature, antheridian opens
and sperm will swim through a film of dew or rainwater to archegonium
Sperm and egg nuclei fuse, diploid zygote is produced and is in the sporophyte generation
Vascular Tissue
Plants, excluding the bryophytes have a vascular system to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
Roots are underground structures that anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals
Leaves are structures specialized for carrying out photosynthesis
Stems are structures which connect the roots with the leaves and position the leaves so they receive sunlight
Vascular Tissue Two kinds of vascular tissue:
xylem and phloem Xylem consists of a series of
dead, hollow cells arranged end to end to to form a tube
Carries water and minerals up from the roots through the stem to the leaves
Phloem carries organic molecules (sugars, aa) produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant where growth takes place
Roots Roots never stop growing by their tips to try and
get new territory for available nutrients and water
Most roots are storage places for the food produced by the plant to store during harsher seasons
Some roots are a source of food for us, such as carrot, turnips, and radishes
Stems Two basic functions of stems:
Support the leaves Transport raw materials from root to leaves and food
from leaves to roots
Inside the bark here are seven layers of xylem tissue. Each layer of xylem constitutes 1 years tree growth
Leaves Leaves carry out photosynthesis
Have a large surface area to try to collect as much sunlight as possible
Stomates open and close to control the rate at which water is lost and gases are exchanged
During times of drought, the stomates are closed to reduce the rate at which the plant loses water
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants include whisk ferns, horsetails, club mosses and ferns
They have vascular tissue, but do not produce seeds
Not as limited to wet areas as nonvascular plants, because they have roots and vascular tissue. Still need water to move sperm
Ferns Most abundant of the seedless vascular
plants
Found in greater number in the tropics, but can be found throughout the world
Some are very small, while some can grow to be very large. Some have trunks which are 79 feet
high, and leaves that grow up to 16 feet long
The stage you see when looking at ferns are mostly sporophytes
The vertical leaves on ferns are known as fronds
On the underside of the fronds, the spore producing parts are located, known as sori (sorus)
Seed-Producing Vascular Plants• Seed is a specialized structure that contain an
embryo, along with stored foot, enclosed in a protective coat, known as a seed coat
• Two major groups of plants that produce seeds:
• Gymnosperms (conifers)
• Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms• Gymnosperms (naked seed plants) are plants
that have cones (woody structures) where their seeds are produced.
• Pollen grains are the male gametophytes, and the transfer of pollen is known as pollination.
Types of Gymnosperms• Cyads – are stout, woody gymnosperms that have a
ring of fernlike leaves on the top that live in tropical regions.
• Ginkgo trees- have fan-shaped leaves. There is only one species left, Ginkgo biloba. Reproductive strucutres of ginkgos are on separate trees.
Types of Gymnosperms
• Conifers are the common trees and shrubs that bear seeds in cones and many have needle-shaped leaves.
Angiosperms• Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and have their
seeds enclosed in fruit.
• Fruit is a modification of the ovary wall into a special structure that contains the seeds.
• Flower is the structure, composed of highly modified leaves, that is responsible for sexual reproduction.
Flower Structure• Pistil is at the center of a flower, which is
composed of the stigma, style and ovary.
• Stigma is the terminal portion of the pistil and is meant to receive pollen.
• Style is where the male gamete travels down into the ovary
• Ovary is the female reproductive structure
• Stamen is male organ of a flower
• Filament is the stalk of the anther
• Anther contains pollen sacs. The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that brush against insects on entering the flowers.