Chapter 22World War I and the 1920s

1910-1930

Essential Questions

Section 1Texans Go To War

The United States was slow to join the war in Europe. Once it did, Texans at home and abroad

made many sacrifices to help achieve victory.

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Section 1 Summary• When the US joined WWI, Texans had to make sacrifices

for the war effort and victory

• 1914: WWI started

• Great Brittan, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, and other countries were the Allies– Ally: a country that agrees to help another country achieve a

common goal

• Germany, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria were the Central Powers

• Allies and Central Powers fought against each other• US didn’t want to join war but had to

World War 1

US-Mexican Conflict• 1910: problems started along Texas-Mexico border

– Mexican citizens were tired of they way they were being treated

• Mexican president, Porfirio Diaz, was over thrown in 1911…started the Mexican Revolution

• Mexican general, Francisco “Pancho” Villa got mad at US over who was now Mexican leader…he killed several US citizens

• US President Woodrow Wilson sent troops to Mexico to catch Villa

• Mexico helped Villa escape; US troops pulled back but Texas Rangers guarded border

• 1911-1918: tensions between US and Mexico …many Texans and Mexicans were killed

• Finally, Pancho Villa was murdered after Mexico made a deal with him

Germany Stirs Up Trouble• Germany saw US-Mexico conflict as way to turn US

attention away from war in Europe

• German man, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a secret telegram saying that Germany would help Mexico if Mexico invaded US

• Zimmerman Telegram made US mad

• Also, Germany sank US ship, Lusitania…British ship but Americans were on board and were killed

• So, on April 17, 1917, US Congress declared war on Germany and were involved in World War I

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US and World War 1

Texans Rally to the Cause• Texans turned out to register for military draft by

the thousands

• 198,000 Texas fought in WWI

• By 1918, 5000 Texans had been killed

• Many soldiers came to Texas to be trained at the US Army Air Corps in San Antonio, Waco, Houston, and Ft. Worth

The War Effort at Home• Many US citizens invested money in War Bonds

– War Bond: a low-interest loan by civilians to the government

• Schools taught patriotism lessons for 10 minutes every day– Patriotism: love or devotion for one’s country

• Women rolled bandages, entertained, troops, and worked in factories

• To send food to soldiers overseas, and gave up coffee, cut back on fat and sugar, and had Wheatless Mondays/Wednesdays, Meatless Tuesdays, and Porkless Thursdays/Saturdays

• Also planted Victory Gardens

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Racial and Ethnic Tensions Grow

• Many Texans grew to hate Germans (hard on German immigrants in Texas)

• African American soldiers (1/4 of all US soldiers) who fought in WWI still dealt with segregation– Threats, lynchings, and race riots occurred

• Mexican American soldiers faced discrimination too

Section 2Business and Agriculture in the 1920s

During World War I, Texas industry leaped into action to produce goods for overseas troops. After

the war, demand slowed for a time and then recovered.

Section 2 Summary• Texas industry helped to produce goods for troops during WWI

• After war was over, demand for goods slowed down but then got better again

• World War I was from 1914-1918

• Bad war…total of 8-10 million lives lost; 32 nations fought against each other

• When US got into war, it helped bring the end of the war

• World War I ended on November 11, 1918 —this date (Nov 11) became know as Veteran’s Day

Postwar Growth of Top Industries

• Texas oil was needed during war…helped lead to oil boom in Texas

• In 1920s, after war was over, Texas manufacturers began making consumer goods– Consumer Goods: products created for personal

use such as clothing, radios, refrigerators, etc

• Factories started making furniture, cars, clothing

• Department stores opened in Houston and Dallas to see these consumer goods

The Impact of the Oil Industry

• Oil industry really grew after WWI

• New fields were discovered and new oil companies were formed (Humble Oil…now Exxon/Mobil, Gulf Oil…now Chevron, and The Texas Company…Texaco

• As oil industry grew, so did related industries…pipelines, barrels, oil-field equipment, etc

Agriculture Remains King• Agriculture was main economic money maker for

Texas

• In 1920s, demand for farm products grew as cities grew

• Cotton, rice, wheat, citrus fruit, and corn was major products

• But, as more crops were grown, the price of them went down…known as Supply and Demand

New Technology Benefits Farms• Farm machinery was invented…tractors,

combines

• Invention of trucks meant farmers could take their own goods to market…not so dependent on trains

• Texas became one of the main provider of food for world

• By end of 1920s, Texas had become one world’s main contributors of goods

The Effects of World War I

Section 3Texas Becomes a Modern Society

The economic boom of the 1920s led to rapid growth of industries in Texas. As a result, Texans

flooded into cities to take industry jobs.

Section 3Summary

• Industry in Texas grew rapidly in 1920s.

• Texans moved from rural areas into cities to take industry jobs

Growth of an Urban Society• Many cities built factories to produce consumer goods

• People moved to cities to work in factories…made more money than other jobs– Farming…wasn’t as popular cause couldn’t make as much

money…farm good prices went down

• People from other states/countries came to Texas to work in factories

• Cities began to develop their own style– Ft. Worth: cow town because of cattle industry– San Antonio: tourist center…Hispanic heritage– Dallas: became state’s financial and mercantile center

• Mercantile: relating to merchants or trade– Houston: oil

Modern Conveniences

• Electricity added to homes/businesses– Electric lights

• Mass transportation

• Telephone/telegraph

• Radio broadcasting… radio stations– By 1925, Texas had 25 radio stations

Texans on the Move• More people owned cars in 1920s

• Trucks were common …farmers used them to take goods to market

• Better roads– In mid-1920s, Texas Governor Pat Neff reorganized

state highway system– Added gasoline tax

• This tax money was used to create and repair Texas roads

• Traveling long distances became much easier

Problems with Prohibition• Liquor was illegal between 1920-1933

• Many people started bootlegging…selling liquor illegally

• Many people made own liquor…moonshine

• Texas officials didn’t do much about illegal alcohol but US officials did. They closed down dance halls and night clubs

– These were called speakeasies– Moved to hidden locations…like Longhorn Cavern in central Texas

• People just ignored Prohibition, so US ended period of Prohibition– 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition

– People could drink legally now…with age restrictions

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Speakeasies or Blind Pig

Blind pigs and blind tigersThe term "blind pig" (or "blind tiger") originated in the United States in the 19th century; it was applied to lower-class establishments that sold alcoholic beverages illegally. The operator of an establishment (such as a saloon or bar) would charge customers to see an attraction (such as an animal) and then serve a "complimentary" alcoholic beverage, thus circumventing the law.

"In desperate cases it has to betake itself to the exhibition of Greenland pigs and other curious animals, charging 25 cents for a sight of the pig and throwing in a gin cocktail gratuitously."[2]

"[They] are in a mysterious place called a ‘blind tiger,’ drinking the very bad whiskey for which Prohibition is indirectly responsible."[3]

A speakeasy was usually a higher-class establishment that offered food and entertainment. In large cities, some speakeasies even required a coat and tie for men, and evening dress for women.

A blind pig was usually a dive where only beer and liquor were offered.Blind pigs continue to exist in the United States. Alcoholic beverages for on-site or off-site consumption are sold illegally from homes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy#Blind_pigs_and_blind_tigers

Leisure Time Activities• Known as Roaring ‘20s

• Jazz music became popular

• Dances like the Charleston became popular– Flappers

• Women became more independent

• Accepted standards of behavior for women changed– Shorter dresses, pants, more make-up

• Motion pictures– First movies were black/white with no sound

• Piano or phonograph was played to provide sound– By 1929, “talkies” (movies with sound) were invented

After the unspeakable horrors of World War I, the prudish moral strictures of the Victorian era were pretty much destroyed. “Eat drink and be merry for tomorrow we die” became the guiding principle of the Roaring Twenties which followed — not just for the men who’d survived the carnage, but for a generation of young women as well. Jazz appeared. Corsets vanished. Hemlines rose, and hair was bobbed. Women had gone to work and won the right to vote. Women smoked, women danced, and — Prohibition be damned — women drank moonshine out of hip flasks. Sit in the parlor and wait for a suitor to call? You’ve got to be kidding. It was the advent of the “modern American woman”, and — you might say — American modernity in general.

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http://beautifullittlefools2.blogspot.com/2010/05/flappers-of-1920s.html

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http://iddavanmunster.blogspot.com/2012/02/how-to-recreate-1920s-look-how-to-be.html

The Flappers during the

Roaring 20’s

The Roaring Twenties

Modernizing Education• More money was provided for rural schools

• Free textbooks

• Free transportation if lived far from school

• Small schools were consolidated

• Better School Supply Amendment of 1920 was passed to raise taxes to support schools

• State Board of Education was created in 1929

The Changing Role of Women• Women entered the workforce outside of the home

– Worked as telephone operators, secretaries, salespeople, teachers, nurses, librarians, doctors, lawyers

– But they made less money than men

• In 1920s, women organized a lobby or “Petticoat Lobby” to influence state legislation…mainly education, health care, social issues, city services, parks/playgrounds, etc

– Lobby: a group that tries to influence legislators to vote in a certain way

Intolerance on the Rise• 1920s were carefree years but intolerance was on the rise

– Intolerance: an unwillingness to accept different people, ideas, or behaviors

• Ku Klux Klan became active again …very intolerant of others– Got city officials and government officials as members– Got more violent– Members were still mostly unknown and secret– But number of Klan members declined by 1928 as public got

tired of them

“Ma” Ferguson Versus the Klan

• “Ma” Ferguson was wife of

impeached Texas governor,

James Ferguson

• Strongly opposed to the KKK

• She ran for governor against a KKK member and won in 1924…first female governor in Texas

• People didn’t really like her

• Was governor for only one termhttp://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/files/legacy/Ma%20Ferguson.jpg