chapter 23
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 23. War & Revolution . Section 1. WWI: Causes & the Early Years. Causes of the War . Imperialism & Nationalism Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Triple Entente (Allied Powers) Internal Dissent socialist parties & groups Militarism War Plans!. Outbreak of War: Assassination . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 23War & Revolution
Section 1WWI: Causes & the Early Years
Causes of the War
• Imperialism & Nationalism o Triple Alliance (Central Powers)o Triple Entente (Allied Powers)
• Internal Dissento socialist parties & groups
• Militarism o War Plans!
Outbreak of War: Assassination
• problems in the Balkans• Bosnia, Sarajevo • Archduke Francis Ferdinand• The Black Hand
o Gavrilo Princip
Austria-Hungary & Russia
• A-H: "itchin' for a fight"o Germany's Blank Check
William II
• Russian Responseo MIlitary Plans: FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!!
Step one: Invade A-H Step two: Invade Germany
Germany: Schlieffen Plan
• German 2-Front War Plano France & Russia o FOLLOW THE PLAN!!o Britain's entry
1914-1915: Illusion & Stalemate
• The Excitement of War o Nationalismo "be proud that you live in such a time and in such a
nation...that you have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle"
• Plans for a short war
War in West
• Schlieffen Plan: A gamble o flawed from the beginning
• Battle of Marne o 20 miles from Pariso start of trench warfare
War in the East
• Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes o crushing Russian defeats
General Paul von Hindenburg General Erich Ludendorff
• The Austrians o fared less well than Germanso Battle of Galcia
almost knocks Russia out of the war
1916-1917: The Great Slaughter
• Trench Warfareo barbed wire o machine gun nests, heavy artillery o "no man's land"
• Confusing tactics o softening' them up o full frontal assault
• German assault at Verdun
Daily Life in the trenches
• persistent presence of death o the stench of decomposing bodies and swarms of
rats growing fat
• Rotationo one week trencho one week reserveo two weeks other
repeat
• "Live & Let Live System"o code of war
The Widening of the War • stalemate forces looking for an advantage• Ottoman Empire
o Central Powers
• Italyo switch sides, Central -> Alliedo looking for land
• Global Conflicto Middle East: Lawrence of Arabiao Africa:
no German colonies o Asia
Japan
Entry of the United States • Attempts at neutrality • Battle of Jutland
o Britain naval dominanceo Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
• Lusitania o British passenger shipo 100 Americans killed
• No fear of Americans o "disorganized & undisciplined"o US joins April 1917
New Kind of Warfare
• Zeppelino giant airship
• Airplane
• Tankso introduced in 1916o British Mark Vo set stage for WWII
• Chemical Warfareo used to demoralize, injure and killo mustard gas & phosgene chlorine
deaths limited gas masks
• Machine Gunso easy targets
Section 2The Russian Revolution
Background to Revolution • Unprepared for war
o Incompetent leaders: Czar Nicholas IIo Unprepared industry o results = severe casualties
• Beginnings of upheavalo Grigory Rasputin o influential o assassination
The March Revolution (1917)
• Women's strike in Petrogrado "Peace and Bread" o "Down with the autocracy"
• Send in the troops (and shoot in needed)o army joins in instead of fighting against
• Duma o creates the Provisional governmento end of Nicholas and Romanov Dynasty
Provisional Government
• Aleksandr Kerensky o mistake: carrying on the war
• Sovietso councils of workers, soldiers and peasants
strongest: Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks seize power
• Bolshevikso Vladimir Lenin o dedicated to violent revolution
• Lenin and Bolsheviks o seize power from provisional government
came from Germanyo Promises: (4) o Slogans: (3)
The Bolsheviks seize power
• November 6: Winter Palace • all-Russian Congress of Soviets
o Lenin directs power
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germanyo peace with a cost o Gave up lots of land
Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltic provinces temporary: rise of Socialist parties
Civil War in Russia
• Red v. White o Whites:
opposed Bolsheviks/Communists Allied support Siberia
o Fate of the Czar and his family
Triumph of Communists
• well-disciplined fighting force • disunity of White Army
o no clear goal
• War communism • Terror
o Cheka
• Patriotismo fear the invade
Section 3The Peace Settlement
Impact of Total War
• Total Waro civilians + soldiers
• Increase in Governmental Powerso long term m planningo conscription/drafto planned economies o "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are
no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"
Manipulation of Public Opinion
• By force• DORA (Defense of Realm Act)
o limit speech
• Propaganda
The Last Year of the War • Impact of Russian Withdrawal
o Germany: renewed hopeo Grand Offensive: March to Julyo Second Battle of Marne
the gamble fails
• September 1918o Ludendorff "all is lost, sue for peace" o Allies: no peace with autocratic government
11/9: William II resigns 11/11/18: armistice agreed upon
• Casualties of War: "lost generation" o 8 to 9 million die on the battlefield o 22 million wounded
Decline of Austria-Hungary
• ethnic minorities seek independence
Peace Aims
• Woodrow Wilson "14 Points" o open covenantso reduction of national armamentso self-determinationo lasting peace
• Threats to Liberty: Absolutism & Militarism o need for a League of Nations
• Stumbling Blockso France & GB: Germany must PAY!!!!
• Big 4: o Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Italy
Treaty of Versailles (Blame Germany)
• Harsh peace to Germans (don't think about treaty you signed with Russia)
• War Guilt Clause• Reparations• Territory loss
o Alsace & Lorraine o demilitarized zone
Other Peace Treaties
• Redrawing map of Eastern Europe • Russia & Germany lose land• A-H is no more • Collapse of Ottoman Empire
o British and French Mandates
• League of nationso no teeth