Chapter 23 and 24Chapter 23 and 24

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

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Characteristics of AnimalsCharacteristics of Animals

Multicellular and usually Multicellular and usually organized into tissues -> organs organized into tissues -> organs -> or organ systems-> or organ systems

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Require oxygen to perform Require oxygen to perform

aerobic respirationaerobic respiration Cells lack a cell wallCells lack a cell wall

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Most are motile at some point in Most are motile at some point in the life cyclethe life cycle

Life cycle includes some sort of Life cycle includes some sort of embryonic developmentembryonic development

Most reproduce sexually (some Most reproduce sexually (some asexually)asexually)

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How animals are groupedHow animals are grouped

Animals can be placed in Animals can be placed in separate groups based on separate groups based on the following characteristics:the following characteristics:

1.Body plan symmetry2.Number of tissue layers3.Developmental patterns

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Body Plan SymmetryBody Plan Symmetry

Organisms can be Organisms can be divided equally divided equally along only one along only one plane, which splits plane, which splits an animal into an animal into mirror-image sidesmirror-image sides

Bilateral Bilateral SymmetrySymmetry

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Radial Radial SymmetrySymmetryBody parts are Body parts are

arranged around in a arranged around in a circle around a central circle around a central axisaxis

No clear front or rear No clear front or rear

Body Plan SymmetryBody Plan Symmetry

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Bilateral Body RegionsBilateral Body Regions

Bilateral animals have Bilateral animals have distinctdistinct

1.1.Heads (anterior)Heads (anterior)

2.2.Tail (posterior)Tail (posterior)

3.3.Back (dorsal)Back (dorsal)

4.4.Belly (ventral)Belly (ventral)77

Bilateral animals have 3 Bilateral animals have 3 layers of tissue layers of tissue (triploblastic):(triploblastic):

1)1) Ectoderm-outer layer that develops Ectoderm-outer layer that develops into both the skin, brain, and the into both the skin, brain, and the nervous system.nervous system.

2)2) Endoderm-inner layer that lines the Endoderm-inner layer that lines the animal’s gut.animal’s gut.

3)3) Mesoderm-middle layer that Mesoderm-middle layer that develops into internal tissues and develops into internal tissues and organs.organs.

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Most radial animals have Most radial animals have two layers of tissuetwo layers of tissue

1)1)Inner endodermInner endoderm

2)2)Outer ectodermOuter ectoderm

Because they lack mesoderm, they Because they lack mesoderm, they lack complex internal tissues and lack complex internal tissues and organsorgans

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Each group, or phylum, of Each group, or phylum, of animals has a unique body animals has a unique body plan and represents a plan and represents a different way that a different way that a multicellular animal is put multicellular animal is put together.together.

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Unique body PlansUnique body Plans

VertebrateVertebrateAn animal with an An animal with an internal internal segmented backbonebackboneMake up less Make up less than 5% of all than 5% of all known animal known animal speciesspecies

InvertebrateInvertebrateAn An animal without a without a backbonebackboneMake up more Make up more than 95% of all than 95% of all known animal known animal speciesspecies

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Developmental PatternsDevelopmental Patterns-First -First OpeningOpening

ProtosomesAnimals in which the mouth is formed first Animals in which the mouth is formed first and the anus second.and the anus second.Members of phylums Platyhelminthe, Nematoda, Mollusca, Members of phylums Platyhelminthe, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, ArthropodaAnnelida, Arthropoda

DeuterostomesDeuterostomesAnimals in which the anus is formed first and Animals in which the anus is formed first and the mouth second.the mouth second.Members of phylums Echinodermata and ChordataMembers of phylums Echinodermata and Chordata

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Developmental PatternsDevelopmental Patterns-Type of Gut-Type of GutGut-tubular or saclike region in the Gut-tubular or saclike region in the body in which food is digested, then body in which food is digested, then absorbed into the internal absorbed into the internal environment.environment.

1)1) Sac-like guts have one opening (a Sac-like guts have one opening (a mouth)mouth)

2)2) Other guts are parts of a complete Other guts are parts of a complete digestive system which consists of two digestive system which consists of two openings-a mouth and a anusopenings-a mouth and a anus

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Developmental PatternsDevelopmental Patterns-Body -Body CavitiesCavities

Coelom- a type of body cavity.Coelom- a type of body cavity.–True coelom – body cavity is completely lined with True coelom – body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm (coelomates)mesoderm (coelomates)–Pseudocoelom – coelom is not completelyPseudocoelom – coelom is not completely lined by lined by tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates)tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates)–Acoelomates – lack a body cavity entirelyAcoelomates – lack a body cavity entirely

Importance:Importance: favored increases in size and activity by favored increases in size and activity by cushioning and protecting internal organs.cushioning and protecting internal organs.

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Phylums of Invertebrate Animals

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Key for chartReproduction

S = Sexual AS = Asexual

SymmetryB = Bilateral R = Radial

First OpeningD = Deuterostome P =

Protosome

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1-Phylum PoriferaMembers: SpongesCan reproduce sexually or

asexually (budding)no symmetry, no tissues or

organs.

Other information:unable to move (sessile) from

where they are attachedMostly live in salt water

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2-Phylum CnidariaMembers: Jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones

Reproduce sexually (medusas) or asexually (polyp)

Radially symmetrical; 2 layers of tissues; no coelom

Other information:

Have nematocysts – “stinging darts”Can move

2 body forms-medusas (Bell shaped) and polyp

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3-Phylum PlatyhelminthesMembers: Flatworms-Turbellarians, Flukes, and

Tapeworms

Reproduce sexually or asexually

Bilaterally symmetrical, 3 layers of tissues, no coelom

Other information:

Parasites

Shape due to no circulatory system

Most are hermaphrodites with male and female parts

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4-Phylum NematodaMembers: Roundworms

Reproduce sexually

3 layers of tissue; Bilaterally symmetrical; pseudocoelom

Other information:

Covered in a tough cuticle

Have a complete digestive system

Most are free-living, with few parasitic species

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5-Phylum MolluscaMembers: Octopus, squid, clams, scallops,

snails, slugs, oysters

Reproduce-Sexually or asexually

3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical; coelom

Other information:Most have a hard shell with a soft bodyHave well developed organ systemsHave a brain

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6-Phylum Annelida Members: earth worms, marine

worms, leechesReproduce either sexually or asexually

(fragmentation)3 layers of tissue; bilaterly

symmetrical; coelom

Other information:Consist of segmented bodiesMany have setae (small hair like

bristles) to help them move through soilHave a complete gut, rudimentary

brain (with nerve cord), and circulatory system 22

7-Phylum ArthropodaMembers: Insects, crabs, lobsters,

crayfish, arachnids, centipedes, millipedesReproduce - Sexually3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical;

coelom

Other information:Hardened exoskeletons -Jointed

appendagesRespiratory Structures -Sensory

StructuresDivision of labor 23

8-Phylum EchinodermataMembers: Sea urchins, star fish, sea

biscuits, sand dollar, sea liliesReproduce sexually3 layers of tissue; radialy

symmetrical; coelom

Other information:Well developed skeleton made of

calcium carbonate platesNo brain, but nervous system is

presentWater vascular system to deliver

water to tube feet for movement 24

Class Arachnida

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Class Insecta

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Class Crustacea

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MAMMAL

FISH

REPTILEBIRD

AMPHIBIAN

Includes some invertebrates and ALL vertebrates

All are bilateral symmetrical

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1) Notochord-flexible skeletal support rod that supports the body

2) Nerve cord-develops into the nervous system and brain

3) Pharyngeal slits-slits in the walls of the pharynx for feeding, respiration, or both.

4) Tail-extends beyond the anal opening and contains segments of muscle tissue for movement

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1) Agnatha-jawless fish2) Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish3) Osteichthyes- bony fish4) Amphibia- amphibians5) Reptilia- reptiles6) Aves- birds7) Mammalia –mammals8) Placodermi-jawed, armored fish *

Of the 8 classes of vertebrates, one class (Placoderms) is extinct.

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ReproductionS = Sexual AS = Asexual

SymmetryB = Bilateral R = Radial

First OpeningD = Deuterostome P = Protosome

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Members: jawless fish-hagfishes, lampreysCharacteristics: Cylindrical body, a cartilaginous skeleton,

and no paired fins. Have sensory tentacles Secrete a sticky, smelly, slimy mucus

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Members: skates, sharks, rays, chimaeras

Characteristics: Marine predators Have pronounced fins, a skeleton of

cartilage, and 5-7 gill slits Powerful swimmers, good eyesight,

excellent sense of smell

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Members: sea horse, soldier fish, perch, gar, eel, salmon, tuna, catfish, minnows

Characteristics: Most numerous (@96%) and diverse

vertebrates Have skeletons made of bone Most have highly maneuverable fins

and light, flexible scales36

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Members: frogs, toads, salamanders, caeciliansCharacteristics: most live in damp habitats where their moist skin

supplements their lungs for gas exchange. have limbs and feet to support the weight of their

body Young -breath with gills; adults- breathe through

lungs. Ectothermic

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Members: snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, tuataras

Characteristics: live everywhere except in cold regions. Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws

Dry, scaly skin, almost watertight Respiration through well-developed lungs Produce an amniotic egg Ectothermic metabolism

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Members: birds

Characteristics: have wings for flight are covered with feathers. have scales on their legs lay amniotic eggs that hatch in their nest well developed respiratory and circulatory

system

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Members: wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc.

Characteristics: Some hair Diverse and specialized teeth Endothermic metabolism Mammary glands that produce milk Unborn young usually nourished inside

the mother (placenta)

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Mammals have 4 kinds of teeth1)Incisors-nip or cut food 2)Canines-3)Premolars4)molars

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Monotremes-mammals that lay eggsExamples: duck-billed platypus and

echidna Marsupials-mammals that give birth to

underdeveloped young that continue to grow inside the mother’s pouch.Examples: kangaroos, opossums

Eutherian(placenta)-give birth to live young that completely developed inside the mother.

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