Chapter 23Chapter 23

From Isolation to ImperialismFrom Isolation to Imperialism

Three reasons the U. S. Three reasons the U. S. moved from isolation to moved from isolation to imperialismimperialism..• Economic growthEconomic growth

• Military growth Military growth (strong army and (strong army and navy were needed navy were needed to protect to protect economic economic interests)interests)

• Anglo-Saxon –Anglo-Saxon –superioritysuperiority

The White Man’sBurden

Key Concepts:Key Concepts:

• Interest in global affairs centered Interest in global affairs centered mostly on economics – U.S. began to mostly on economics – U.S. began to export more than it importedexport more than it imported

Reasons for disinterest:Reasons for disinterest:

– Believed America was unique and did Believed America was unique and did not like the aristocratic/decadent not like the aristocratic/decadent society of Europesociety of Europe

– Lingering attitudes from previous wars Lingering attitudes from previous wars (Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)(Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)

– Resentment of attitudes toward U.S. Resentment of attitudes toward U.S. during Civil Warduring Civil War

– Europe posed no threat to U.S militarilyEurope posed no threat to U.S militarily

Large Policy (coveting Large Policy (coveting colonies)colonies)

– 1867 U.S. purchased 1867 U.S. purchased AlaskaAlaska from from Russian (7.2 Million)Russian (7.2 Million)

– 1867 acquired 1867 acquired Midway IslandsMidway Islands– Secretary of State Secretary of State William Seward William Seward – –

interested in interested in Cuba and HawaiiCuba and Hawaii– Congress rejected a treaty to annex Congress rejected a treaty to annex

Dominican Republic Dominican Republic

77

Alaska and Hawaii

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Darwin’s Theory and Darwin’s Theory and foreign policyforeign policy

– John Fiske John Fiske – democracy – the “fittest” – democracy – the “fittest” system – destined to spread worldwidesystem – destined to spread worldwide

– Josiah Strong Josiah Strong – (1885) racist and – (1885) racist and religious justifications – spread Anglo-religious justifications – spread Anglo-Saxon valuesSaxon values

Empire in the Pacific –Empire in the Pacific –

– Trade was Trade was open to China open to China – – Missionaries (U.S. continued with ban Missionaries (U.S. continued with ban on Chinese immigration)on Chinese immigration)

– Japan opened to trade by Japan opened to trade by Commodore Commodore PerryPerry

– HawaiiHawaii important way station in the important way station in the PacificPacific

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

Religious/Missionary Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

HawaiiHawaii– Decedents of missionaries became sugar planters Decedents of missionaries became sugar planters

and dominated the islandsand dominated the islands– 1875 agreement allowed duty free sugar to US. – 1875 agreement allowed duty free sugar to US. –

Hawaii agreed not to give any foreign power Hawaii agreed not to give any foreign power control of the islandscontrol of the islands

– U.S. gained naval base at U.S. gained naval base at Pearl HarborPearl Harbor– U.S. used base to gain foothold in Samoan IslandsU.S. used base to gain foothold in Samoan Islands– 1891 1891 Queen Liliuokalani Queen Liliuokalani – became Queen and – became Queen and

attempted to rule as absolute monarchattempted to rule as absolute monarch– Queen deposed with help from U.S. Navy – new Queen deposed with help from U.S. Navy – new

government asked for annexation with U.S.government asked for annexation with U.S.– Annexation was first rejected because the people Annexation was first rejected because the people

of Hawaii objected – of Hawaii objected – – Hawaii annexed Hawaii annexed after war broke out with Spain after war broke out with Spain

(feared other powers might take control (feared other powers might take control

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Latin AmericaLatin America

– More interested in Latin America More interested in Latin America because of economic interest – because of economic interest – location – Monroe Doctrinelocation – Monroe Doctrine

– U.S. insisted on “policing” problems in U.S. insisted on “policing” problems in Latin AmericaLatin America

Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution– Cuba – Spanish colony – 1895 –Cubans began a revoltCuba – Spanish colony – 1895 –Cubans began a revolt– Spanish military (Spanish military (WeylerWeyler) used brutal tactics to put ) used brutal tactics to put

down revolt (down revolt (concentration campsconcentration camps))– U.S. supported Cuban rebelsU.S. supported Cuban rebels– U.S. had $50 million investment in sugar plantationsU.S. had $50 million investment in sugar plantations– Yellow journalists Yellow journalists exaggerated the horrors of the exaggerated the horrors of the

revolt (Pulitzer and Hearst)revolt (Pulitzer and Hearst)– U.S.S. Maine U.S.S. Maine sent to protect American interests – sent to protect American interests –

explosion killed 260 crewmenexplosion killed 260 crewmen– McKinley opposed interventionMcKinley opposed intervention

The de Lôme LetterThe de Lôme Letter The U.S.S. Maine The U.S.S. Maine

1818

“Yellow Journalism”“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war William Randolph Hearst

Frederic Remington’s Disrobing Propaganda

1919

2020

Remember the Maine and to Hell Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!with Spain!

• Why was the Maine Why was the Maine sent to Havana? sent to Havana?

• Does this image Does this image accurately depict accurately depict what happened to what happened to the ship? the ship?

• What was the What was the result of this result of this incident? incident?

• Based on the most Based on the most recent evidence, recent evidence, what was the most what was the most likely cause of the likely cause of the explosion?explosion?

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Slide Analysis: Headline of the Maine Explosion

Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?2/17/1898 New York World

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Splendid little war” Splendid little war” • ““Splendid little war” Splendid little war” - 1898 Congress - 1898 Congress

authorized military to drive the authorized military to drive the Spanish out Spanish out of Cubaof Cuba

– Teller Amendment Teller Amendment – stated that U.S. would not – stated that U.S. would not annex Cuba to the U.S.annex Cuba to the U.S.

– Admiral Dewey Admiral Dewey ordered to attack Spanish in ordered to attack Spanish in PhilippinesPhilippines – sank Spanish fleet in the harbor – – sank Spanish fleet in the harbor – additional forces quickly defeated Spanish in Manilaadditional forces quickly defeated Spanish in Manila

– T. Roosevelt T. Roosevelt led the led the Rough RidersRough Riders– Army had 200,000 volunteers – poorly organizedArmy had 200,000 volunteers – poorly organized– Spain defeated Spain defeated – agreed to leave Cuba– agreed to leave Cuba– Spain agreed to treaty that gave U.S. Spain agreed to treaty that gave U.S. GuamGuam and and

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

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Background:

The PhilippinesCuba

USA

2525

2626

Meanwhile in Cuba….Rough Meanwhile in Cuba….Rough Riders…Riders…

Who were the Rough Riders? Who was their leader?

•Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt resigns as Asst Sec. of the Navy to lead Rough Riders in Cuba

•Rough RidersRough Riders—a volunteer cavalry

What famous battle did they participate in?

•Battle of San Juan HillBattle of San Juan Hill

•African Americans also helped

spanamwar1898.pdf

2727

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Spain and the Spain and the PhilippinesPhilippines

– U.S. had great interest in keeping the U.S. had great interest in keeping the PhilippinesPhilippines– Minority objected to overseas colonies (Twain, Minority objected to overseas colonies (Twain,

Gompers, Jane Addams)Gompers, Jane Addams)– Anti-imperialist Anti-imperialist – insisted that Philippines would – insisted that Philippines would

never become a state – and it was unconstitutional to never become a state – and it was unconstitutional to annex them (our Declaration of Independence would annex them (our Declaration of Independence would not allow annexation with consent of inhabitants)not allow annexation with consent of inhabitants)

– McKinley’s problem 1) he could not give it back to McKinley’s problem 1) he could not give it back to Spain 2) no alternative to annexation 3) did not Spain 2) no alternative to annexation 3) did not believe that Filipinos could govern themselvesbelieve that Filipinos could govern themselves

– McKinley gave in McKinley gave in - bought Philippines for - bought Philippines for $20 $20 millionmillion

Philippines fight for Philippines fight for IndependenceIndependence

– Led by Led by Emilio Aquinaldo Emilio Aquinaldo – fought guerilla – fought guerilla warwar

– American military accused of war atrocities American military accused of war atrocities (tortured prisoners, concentration camps, (tortured prisoners, concentration camps, property destroyed)property destroyed)

– McKinley recommended independence (in the McKinley recommended independence (in the future)- after election of 1900 – set up future)- after election of 1900 – set up military governmentmilitary government

– Philippines remained under U.S. control with Philippines remained under U.S. control with limited self- government – will not gain full limited self- government – will not gain full independence until the 1930’sindependence until the 1930’s

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EMILIO AGUINALDO, 1869-1964EMILIO AGUINALDO, 1869-1964

1899 led Philippine-American 1899 led Philippine-American War for freedom from U.S. He War for freedom from U.S. He lost. lost.

Cuba Cuba

• Military government remained in control for Military government remained in control for short periodshort period

• U.S. modernized sugar production, improve U.S. modernized sugar production, improve school and sanitary conditionsschool and sanitary conditions

• Platt Amendment Platt Amendment – – – Authorized U.S. to intervene when necessary- to Authorized U.S. to intervene when necessary- to

protect life, liberty, and property in Cubaprotect life, liberty, and property in Cuba– Cuba had to promise not to make treaties with foreign Cuba had to promise not to make treaties with foreign

nationsnations– Had to give U.S. a permanent naval base – Had to give U.S. a permanent naval base –

GuantanamoGuantanamo• 1902 Cuba given 1902 Cuba given independenceindependence

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

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The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.

The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.

The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

U.S. and the Caribbean U.S. and the Caribbean and the Roosevelt and the Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary

– became became protectorprotector to the Caribbean to the Caribbean– Most countries extremely poor, poor Most countries extremely poor, poor

education and health care, education and health care, underdeveloped and politically underdeveloped and politically unstable.unstable.

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such cases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

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Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy; ”Speak softly but carry a big stick” Be prepared to use force to get your way.

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)-Why was constructing a canal so important that the U.S. government sponsored a coup? -How did the Colombians react? -How might this policy have influenced perceptions of the United States throughout Latin America?

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Key Concepts:Key Concepts:

• On to the war to end all wars……On to the war to end all wars……