Chapter 23:Global Challenges

Section1: World War ISection2: World War IISection 3: Toward the Present

Section 1World War I

World War I, fought from 1914 to 1918, caused terrible destruction and changed

Europe forever.

Fighting Broke out in the summer of 1914 in Europe.

Imperialism(competing forcolonies and

territories)

Alliances (formingTo protect and Defend each

Other)

Armies (to showCountries strength

And threatenEnemies)

Nationalism(trying to prove

Superiority of a nation)

Causesof

World War I

Spark of War

• There was tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary over territory.

• A Serbian Nationalist assassinated the Austria-Hungary Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife sparked the beginning of World War I.

• Seeking revenge, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

• An alliance system immediately split Europe into two warring sides.

World War I Alliances

• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Italy

• Great Britain• France• Russia_______________• U.S.

Central Powers

Triple Alliance

Allied Powers

Triple Entente

In time, countries from around the globe joined in the fight, but some remained neutral.

World War I

• The Germans struck the first blow by sending a large army to Belgium and France.

• However, the French and British troops stopped the Germans near Paris.

• Trench Warfare – Trenches and Machine Guns– Bloody deadlock – Millions of lives lost– Lasted over 3 years

A Turn in the War

• Germans decide to use a new weapon (submarine) to stop the English from receiving food and supplies.

• The United States had warned Germany not to attack unarmed ships; however, Germany ignored these warnings.

• In April 1917, the United States joined the Allied Powers.

• The Russians were exhausted and pulled out of the war.

• Germans tried a new attack on France but the U.S. pushed them out of France.

• By 1918, the Germans had suffered serious defeats and by November, the Central Powers had collapsed.

• The Allies pick up the win in WWI.

The Result of World War ITreaty of Versailles

• Leaders of the Allies met in Versailles– U.S. President Woodrow

Wilson proposed a plan– League of Nations– Redrew the Map of Europe– Took lands from Russia,

Germany, broke up Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

– Forced Germany to accept blame for starting the war

• Reaction to Treaty– Germans had to give up

land, reduce the size of its army, give up its colonies, and pay for the war damages.

– Germans thought the terms of the treaty was too harsh.

– Some countries resented losing lands.

– All nationalities did not get their own nations.

– This treaty ending up leading to further conflict instead of peace.

Russian Revolution

• After WWI, a revolution starts in Russia. People turned against the government.– Czar Nicholas II was forced to give up power.– The Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin built

support and overthrew the new government.– Lenin created the world’s first Communist

State, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union or USSR.

Section 2World War II

Another Global Conflict takes place, World War II, lasted from 1939 to 1945.

World War II, the most destructive conflict in history.

World War II begins in Europe in 1939.

The Treaty of Versailles

Rise of Dictators(S.U., Italy, and Germany)

Japan-Military

Fascism (nationalism &Strong government)

World Wide GreatDepression (1929)

Cause of World War II

Spark of War

• Bitter about the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler aimed to take revenge for Germany’s loss by expanding German territory.

• Germany attacked Poland in 1939.

• In response, Great Britain and France (Allies), declared war on Germany.

• Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis) joined Forces.

World War II Alliances

• Germany• Italy• Japan

• Great Britain• France____________• Russia• U.S.

Axis Powers Allied Powers

In time, countries from around the globe joined in the fight, but some remained neutral.

A New Kind of War

• New Machines– Tanks, trucks– Bombers

• Germany used these new machines to quickly defeat Poland in a blitzkrieg.

• Hitler’s forces soon overran other European countries too– France fell in 1940– British forces held off the Germans– Germany attacks the Soviet Union. After brutal loses,

the Soviet Union force Germany to retreat.

A Turn in the War

• On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Navy at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

• Under President Franklin Roosevelt, the U.S. joined the Allies.

• Battles continued for two and a half years in Europe, N. Africa, the Middle East, and the South Pacific Ocean.

• In June 1944, the U.S. and British troops landed in France and pushed into Germany.– The Russians attack Germany

from the East.– Surrounded, the Germans

surrender in May 1945.

• U.S. used atomic bombs in 2 Japanese cities in June 1945.– Hiroshima– Nagasaki

• Japan surrendered. The war was over. The Allies win WWII.

Results of the War• Casualties

– 34 million soldiers injured– 22 million soldiers dead– 30 million civilians dead

• The Holocaust– Nazi effort to wipe out the Jews in

a Genocide– Special camps– 6 million Jews died– Millions of others were targeted as

well Slavs, Gypsies and people with disabilities

– Anne Frank• The war had weakened

economies and governments of many nations

– The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as the world’s strongest powers

• The Cold War– Once allies became enemies– Period of tension between the

superpowers but no direct fighting– Arms race– S.U. set up communism in

Eastern Europe and the U.S. helped democratic states in Western Europe

– Extended into Asia– Korea was divided: North (S.U set

up communism) and South (U.S. took control)

– Mao Zedong formed a communist government in China.

Section 3Toward the Present Day

Because Europe had been weakened so much by WWII, they were unable to hold on to their

overseas empires from Imperialism.

•Asia

•India was seen as a crowned jewel to Great Britain.

•Mohandas Gandhi led an independence movement in India.

•India and Pakistan

•Asia

•Vietnamese freed themselves from France in 1954

•Indonesia won in1949 from the Dutch

•Middle East

•1948 Jewish state of Israel is created

•Though Arabs resented this, Israel defeated them

•Africa

•Ghana won independence in 1957 from G.B.

•Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 from France

•European countries (Italy, Belgium, and Portugal) lost their colonies in Africa by 1981.

Cold War

• During the Cold War, some countries in Africa sided with the U.S., others sided with the S.U. Some remained neutral.

• The Cold War divided the world over ideologies: capitalism vs. communism.

• Berlin (Germany’s Capital) became a source of tension and divided. East (S.U) and the West (U.S.).– The Berlin Wall was built by the Soviets which

became a symbol of the Cold War

The Cold War

• Korean War: In 1950, N. Korea invaded S. Korea– China helped N. Korea and the United

Nations helped S. Korea.– After 3 years of fighting, the war ended with

no winner. Korea remained divided.

• Vietnam War: In 1957, Communists try to overthrow the south, but U.S. intervene.– Communist prevailed and Vietnam united as a

communist nation.

The Cold War

• Soviet troops crushed democratic movements in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In 1979 when Soviets invaded Afghanistan, Afghan rebels aided the U.S. in defeating the Soviets (1989).

• Ronald Reagan (1980s) expanded U.S. military and weapon, but the S.U. could not keep up.

• Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet leader) created reforms that toppled many communist states. – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland,

and Romania collapse– The Berlin War was torn down and united as a democratic nation

in 1980.– In 1991 the Soviet Union broke into 15 independent countries.– Japan embraced democracy (still a democracy today)– But China has remained Communist, but have opened their

markets to the West

World Wide Terrorism

• What is terrorism?– Shootings, bombings, kidnappings, and hijackings

• Though terrorism has been practiced for thousands of years, attacks became more common and deadly in the 1900s.– Early example is the IRA (Ireland Republican Army)– The British finally granted N. Ireland self government

in 1998 – The IRA recently disarmed in 2005

A New Kind of War

• Terrorism against Americans increased in the 1990s. – Osama bin Laden (Muslim

extremist used al Qaeda)– 1993 bombed World Trade

Center in NYC, killing 6 and injuring 1,000

– Deadliest terrorist attacks in history occurred on September 11, 2001 (4 hijacked planes). More than 3,000 people died in the attacks.

– U.S. President George W. Bush responded by declaring war on terrorism

– Saddam Hussein was another threat to Americans. 2003 U.S. invaded Iraq and removed Hussein from power.

– In 2005, after years of fighting, Iraq is slowly rebuilding.

• Leaders from around the world are working together to combat this problem.

The Global Economy

• “It’s a small world.”– New forms of communication bringing people closer together– Exchanging of goods and services– Depend on each other for the well-being of the planet

• In the global economy, nations around the world are linked in a single economic network.– New trade agreements

• World Population reached 6 Billion in 2000– Problems

• Protecting the environment• Pollution • Rain Forests• Overgrazing

Successes of our Global Economy

• Successes– Space

• S.U. 1st space satellite• 2 Americans walk on moon

– Technology• Portable radios • Digital watches• Computer speed and shrinking size

– Medicine• Antibiotics• Structure of DNA• Repair unhealthy tissue