Chapter 23: The Rise of Europe

An Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire

1750-1914Part II

The Making of Industrial Society

• Foundations of Industrial Society• The Factory System• Early Spread of Industrialism• Industrial Capitalism• Effects of Industrialization• Urbanization and Migration• Industry and Society• Socialist Challenge• Industrialization Continues to Spread• The International Division of Labor

Foundations of Industrial Society

• Introduction of New World crops and new farming techniques Population Revolution

• Three major dynamic economic centers in the world by 1750– Britain– Yangzi Delta- China– Japan

• All had:– High agricultural activity and population growth– Increasing occupational specialization– Navigable rivers and canals– Sophisticated banking and financial institutions– Issues of soil depletion, deforestation and growing

levels of consumption

• Britain leads the way in industrialization because in 1750 they had:– Huge coal deposits that could

replace the use of wood as a source of fuel

– Iron deposits for building steam engines and factories

– Colonies in America and India good source of cheap raw materials and cash crops like sugar and cotton

• Demand for cotton goods growth of a mechanized cotton industry

• Steam power speeds up production and makes it easy to use trains to move goods and people

• 19th century = The Age of Steel the rise of railroads

New Products, New NationsIndustrialization: 1860-1910

• The Second Industrial Revolution

• Steel and Chemical Industries grow in Britain

• Construction of Suez and Panama Canals

• New drugs, insecticides, chemical fertilizers

• Electricity!

Factory Production

• Dominated by big impersonal companies/ cartels

• New mass-production, mass-consumption culture emerges

• Standardization and interchangeable parts

Warfare and Industrialization

• Close link!• Civil War in US spurs industrial growth and

building railroads• Maxim gun which could shoot 11

rounds/second and reach distances of 1 ½ miles indispensible in conquering Africa

• Krupp manufacturing in Germany focused on armaments that helped Germany defeat France in Franco-Prussian war leading to creation of Germany

Worldwide effects of Industrialization• Industrial nations sought oversees

colonies for markets and resources– British investors aid in construction of

American rails• Financiers seek profit from new

business enterprises around the world

• Neo-colonialism wins out: foreign economic control w/o foreign political control

Examples of Neo-Colonialism

• China: Foreign investors establish spheres of influence to control trade in China. Both support and undermine Qing government

• Canada: Enjoyed self-rule beginning in 1840, encouraged immigration and investment. Built rails, mines and large wheat farms. Investments came close to half a billion dollars between 1900 and 1916

• Ottoman Empire: In 1914 Western European powers invested 1.2 billion to keep the “Sick Man of Europe” from collapsing

Demographic Causes and Effects

• Population of Europe doubled between 1750 and 1850 due to – introduction of New

World crops = more food

– Better diets– Increasing urban

planning and sanitation

– Improvements in health care

– Smaller families proves “iron law of wages” false

Heaps of garbage and ashes lie in all directions, and the foul liquids emptied before the doors gather in stinking pools. Here live the poorest of the poor, the worst paid workers with thieves and victims of prostitution indiscriminately huddled together… They who have some kind of shelter are fortunate in comparison with the utterly homeless. In London fifty thousand human beings get up every morning, not knowing where they are to lay their heads at night.

Important Documents

• Sadler Commission Hearings (1832)• Charter of the Working People (1838) • Sir Edwin Chadwick Inquiry into the

Condition for the Poor (1842)• Friedrich Engels Condition of the Working

Class in England (1845)• Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto

(1848)

Eventually… Improvements

• New economic philosophies such as Socialism and Communism lead to changing ideologiesLet the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite! (Marx)

• Governments begin to see that their role as protecting peoples’ well being; help the poor rather than punish them

• Labor Unions form to protect workers’ rights

• “The theory of the communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property” (Marx).

• Marx believed communist revolution would begin violently with the proletariat overthrowing the bourgeoisie

• Labor unions, and laws to protect workers prevented communist revolution from breaking out in Europe

• Eventually, standards of living improved for even urban workers

Germany (1870-1914)• 1867: Otto von Bismarck extends male suffrage across

the North German Confederation• 1871: Bismarck unifies Germany under Prussian king

Wilhelm I• 1875: Europe’s 1st political party Social Democratic Party

forms in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm’s reign. Made up entirely of workers to represent working class issues

• 1880s: Conservative leader Bismarck creates 1st social security system in Europe

• 1871-1914: Bismarck directs growth of industry with focus on military armament to gain more colonies

United States: (1861-1914)

• 1861-65: American Civil War• 1866: Organization of labor begins when the

National Labor Union formed• 1890s: Strikes led to violence• Radical unionism + influx of immigrants with

socialist ideas leads to growing fear of communist revolution and limitations placed on labor unions

• Over time workers conditions do improve

France: 1848-1914

• Revolutions erupt in France in 1830 and 1848. Liberal movements fail, but eventually gov’t makes some liberal changes

• 1870: Uprising of the Paris Commune: meeting place for socialists and labor unions 20,000 killed, 10,000 exiled

• 1880: Exiles begin to return, labor organizations begin again

• 1890: May fist became “Labor Day”• French politics continued to be dominated by

wealthy business owners• Liberal reforms made by government which

fears future uprisings

The Industrial West by 1900• Consolidated nation-states• Parliamentary

democracies• Bureaucratic institutions• Freedom of the press and

religion• Habeas corpus rights• Increased literacy and

more public education• High levels of trade and

international exchange• Thriving artistic life

• High levels of entrepreneurship

• Protection of private property• Humanitarian perspectives• High levels of industrial

productivity• New science and technology• High levels of health and

medical care• Integration in the world

economy• Powerful weapons

Change Over Time

• Agricultural change and population growth large unskilled urban population who become proletariat. How?

• At first their lives are miserable. Describe!• Over time new philosophies effect the way

poverty and the economy are viewed. Explain examples.

• Unions and liberal reforms improvements in standards of living across the industrializing world. Discuss how.