CHAPTER 23, SECTION 3

“Over There”

Hard Times for the Allies

American troops reached France in 1917 they saw desperate AlliesMillion of soldiers had diedTroops in trenches were exhausted and

illBritish and French civilians were near

starvation

A second Russian Revolution Russia withdrew from the war Bolsheviks seized power from the

Provisional GovernmentLed by V.I. LeninWanted a communist revolution in

Russia

A second Russian Revolution

Karl Marx: a German thinker of the 1800sPredicted that workers around the world

would come together to overthrow the ruling class

Workers would then end private property and set up a classless society

Lenin wanted to a revolution like Marx’s idea.

Carl Marx

Carl Marx Communist Manifesto Marx argued that capitalism, like previous

socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism.

Carl Marx Marx argued that socio-economic

change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class

A second Russian Revolution

Lenin (now in power) opened talks with Germany

Treaty of Brest-LitovskRussia gave up land to GermanyLenin could now focus on the communist

revolution

A second Russian Revolution

Allies saw the treaty as betrayalGermany got coal mines and other

resources in RussiaGermany could now move its troops out

of Russia and into France1918 Germany troops launched an all-

out attack

A new German push

German troops fired 6,000 canons at Amiens

German fought along the Aisne River Germans reach the Marne River, Paris

only 50 miles away American troops entered the war

Americans in France

June 1918, Americans are reaching France in record numbers

John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF).

Pershing insisted his troops operated as independent unit not relief for tired allied soldiers

Harlem Hell Fighters in Action

369th United States infantry, a unit of African Americans attached to the French army.

They spent more time under fire than any other American unit

A hint of danger

Privates Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts guarder a tiny outpost near Montplaisir

Germans tossed grenades into the dugout Johnson and Roberts fired grenades and

fought hand to hand combat and fought off at least 2 dozen Germans

The 369th regiment got a hero’s welcome in the streets of New York

Final Battles

The French prepared to evacuate Paris

The marines will hold

Belleau Woods: first major battle for the American troops outside of ParisLasted 3 weeksDirected by General Harbord refused to

hide in trenchesAllied victory

Turning the Tide

Germans launch another attempt to take Paris

They reached American troops and were forced to retreat

Allies now were on the offensive Marshall Ferdinand Foch ( Frenchman)

commanded the Allied forces

Into the Argonne Forest

More than a million Americans pushed into the Argonne ForestThe land was scarred with trenches and smelled of

poisoned gases from earlier battleRain and the thick woods slowed the American

advance After 47 days Americans had won the Battle of

the Argonne Forest British, French, and Belgium forces also

pushed Germans to retreat. The “war to end all wars” was nearing its end

Peace at Last

Armistice: an agreement to stop fighting Prince Max of Baden, head of the

German cabinet asked President Wilson for an armistice.Wilson replied under 2 conditions

German must accept his plan for peace German emperor must give up power

Germany in turmoil

While German leaders debated a response revolutions in Germany simmered

German sailors rebelled On the battle front German armies lost

ground daily

Germany in turmoil

November 9th, 1918 German emperor resigned

He and his son fled to Holland Germany became a republic New German leaders agreed to take

armistice 11a.m. on November 11th, 1918 the

eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month World War I ended.

The cost of war

Between 10 million and 13 million people died in battle

Germany lost about 2 million Russia, French, and British lost more

than 4 million United States lost over 500,000

The cost of war

More than 20 million soldiers on both sides were wounded

Much of northern France was destroyed Millions of Germans near starvation 1918 a terrible influenza epidemic spread

around the world 1918 -1919 more than 500,000 American died

in the epidemic, The death toll in other countries reached the

millions