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Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations

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Page 1: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Chapter 23The Evolution of

Populations

Page 2: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Population Genetics

The study of genetic variation in populations.

Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism and Darwinism.

Page 3: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Population Genetics

Use population genetics as the means to track and study evolution.

Looks at the genetic basis of variation and natural selection.

Page 4: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Sources of Variation

Sexual Reproduction Random Assortment of

Chromosomes Random Fertilization Crossing Over

Mutation

Page 5: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Mutations

Inherited changes in a gene.

Rates low in most cases due to DNA repair etc.

Page 6: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Population A localized group of individuals

of the same species.

Page 7: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Species

A group of similar organisms. A group of populations that

could interbreed.

Page 8: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Gene Pool

The total collective genes in a population.

If evolution is occurring, then changes must occur in the gene pool of the population over time.

Page 9: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Microevolution

Changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool.

Page 10: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

A mathematical way to measure evolution.

Population is evolving if the allele frequency is changing (favoring one allele)

Page 11: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Basic Equation

p + q = 1 p = % dominant allele q = % recessive allele

Page 12: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Expanded Equation

p + q = 1 (p + q)2 = (1)2

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Page 13: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Genotypes

p2 = Homozygous Dominants2pq = Heterozygousq2 = Homozygous Recessives

Page 14: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Importance of Hardy-Weinberg

Yardstick to measure rates of evolution.

Predicts that gene frequencies should NOT change over time as long as the HW assumptions hold (no evolution should occur).

Way to calculate gene frequencies through time.

Page 15: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Example

What is the frequency of the PKU allele?

PKU is expressed only if the individual is homozygous recessive (aa).

Page 16: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

PKU Frequency

PKU is found at the rate of 1/10,000 births.

PKU = aa = q2

q2 = .0001

q = .01

Page 17: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Dominant Allele

p + q = 1

p = 1- q

p = 1- .01

p = .99

Page 18: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Expanded Equation

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

(.99)2 + 2(.99x.01) + (.01)2 = 1

.9801 + .0198 + .0001 = 1

Page 19: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Final Results

Normals (AA) = 98.01% Carriers (Aa) = 1.98% PKU (aa) = .01%

Page 20: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

1. Large Population

2. Isolation

3. No Net Mutations

4. Random Mating

5. No Natural Selection

Page 21: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

If H-W assumptions hold true:

The gene frequencies will not change over time.

Evolution will not occur. But, how likely will natural

populations hold to the H-W assumptions?

Page 22: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Microevolution

Caused by violations of the 5 H-W assumptions.

Page 23: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Causes of Microevolution

1. Genetic Drift

2. Gene Flow

3. Mutations

4. Nonrandom Mating

5. Natural Selection

Page 24: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Genetic Drift

Changes in the gene pool of a small population by chance.

Types: 1. Bottleneck Effect 2. Founder's Effect

Page 25: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

By Chance

Page 26: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Bottleneck Effect

Loss of most of the population by disasters.

Surviving population may have a different gene pool than the original population.

Page 27: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 28: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result

Some alleles lost. Other alleles are over-

represented. Genetic variation usually lost.

Page 29: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Importance

Reduction of population size may reduce gene pool for evolution to work with.

Ex: Cheetahs

Page 30: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Founder's Effect

Genetic drift in a new colony that separates from a parent population.

Ex: Old-Order Amish

Page 31: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result

Genetic variation reduced. Some alleles increase in

frequency while others are lost (as compared to the parent population).

Page 32: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Importance

Very common in islands and other groups that don't interbreed.

Page 33: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Gene Flow

Movement of genes in/out of a population.

Ex: Immigration Emigration

Page 34: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result

Changes in gene frequencies within a population.

Immigration often brings new alleles into populations increasing genetic diversity.

Page 35: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result - Mutations

May change gene frequencies (small population).

Source of new alleles for selection.

Often lost by genetic drift.

Page 36: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Nonrandom Mating

Failure to choose mates at random from the population.

Page 37: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Causes

Inbreeding within the same “neighborhood”.

Assortative mating (like with like).

Page 38: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result

Increases the number of homozygous loci.

Does not in itself alter the overall gene frequencies in the population.

Page 39: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Natural Selection

Differential success in survival and reproduction.

Result - Shifts in gene frequencies.

Page 40: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Fitness - Darwinian

The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.

Page 41: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

End of part 1

Page 42: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Rate of Selection

Differs between dominant and recessive alleles.

Selection pressure by the environment.

Page 43: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Modes of Natural Selection

1. Stabilizing

2. Directional

3. Diversifying

4. Sexual

Page 44: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Homework Read – Chapter 23, 24, 26 Lab – Population Genetics Discussion Board – Fri. 2/25 Chapter 23 – Fri. 2/25 Chapter 26 – Mon. 2/28

Page 45: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 46: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Stabilizing

Selection toward the average and against the extremes.

Ex: birth weight in humans

Page 47: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Directional Selection

Selection toward one extreme. Ex: running speeds in race

animals. Ex. Galapagos Finch beak size

and food source.

Page 48: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 49: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Diversifying

Selection toward both extremes and against the norm.

Ex: bill size in birds

Page 50: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 51: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Comment

Diversifying Selection - can split a species into several new species if it continues for a long enough period of time and the populations don’t interbreed.

Page 52: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 53: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Sexual Mate selection

May not be adaptive to the environment, but increases reproduction success of the individual.

This is a VERY important selection type for species.

Page 54: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual features

for attracting mates.

Page 55: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Comments

Females may drive sexual selection and dimorphism since they often "choose" the mate.

Page 56: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Preserving Genetic Variation

1. Diploidy - preserves recessives as heterozygotes.

2. Balanced Polymorphisms - preservation of diversity by natural selection.

Page 57: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Example

Heterozygote Advantage - When the heterozygote or hybrid survives better than the homozygotes. Also called Hybrid vigor.

Page 58: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Result Can't bred "true“ and the

diversity of the population is maintained.

Ex – Sickle Cell Anemia

Page 59: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism
Page 60: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Comment

Population geneticists believe that ALL genes that persist in a population must have had a selective advantage at one time.

Ex – Sickle Cell and Malaria, Tay-Sachs and Tuberculosis

Page 61: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Question

Does evolution result in perfect organisms?

Page 62: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Answer - No

1. Historical Constraints2. Compromises3. Non-adaptive Evolution

(chance)4. Available variations – most

come from using a current gene in a new way.

Page 63: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Summary

Know the difference between a species and a population.

Know that the unit of evolution is the population and not the individual.

Page 64: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Summary

Know the H-W equations and how to use them in calculations.

Know the H-W assumptions and what happens if each is violated.

Page 65: Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations. Population Genetics u The study of genetic variation in populations. u Represents the reconciliation of Mendelism

Summary

Know the various modes of natural selection.

Identify various means to introduce genetic variation into populations.