Chapter 23Chapter 23

War and Society War and Society 1914-19201914-1920

Web

Europe’s Descent into WarEurope’s Descent into War Precipitating factor was assassination of Archduke Franz Precipitating factor was assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand, June 1914 by Princip in SarajevoFerdinand, June 1914 by Princip in Sarajevo Continental alliance system transformed into reason for warContinental alliance system transformed into reason for war

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyTriple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Italy soon replaced by Ottoman EmpireItaly soon replaced by Ottoman Empire

• Tripe Entente: Britain, France, RussiaTripe Entente: Britain, France, Russia Competition between nations also contributedCompetition between nations also contributed

• Especially between Britain and GermanyEspecially between Britain and Germany By 1914, conflict settled into stalemate because two sides By 1914, conflict settled into stalemate because two sides

evenly balancedevenly balanced

AlliancesAlliances

ENGLANDENGLAND

FRANCEFRANCE JAPANJAPAN

RUSSIARUSSIA

A-H vs. SERBIA A-H vs. SERBIA ITALY ITALY

GERMANYGERMANY

BULGARIABULGARIA

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lear

ning

, Inc

. Th

omso

n Le

arni

ng™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der l

icen

se.

Europe Goes to War

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality U.S. would remain neutral and would U.S. would remain neutral and would

trade with both campstrade with both camps• Nation, though, did favor Triple Entente Nation, though, did favor Triple Entente

in conflictin conflict Close cultural ties to BritainClose cultural ties to Britain Stronger economic relationship with Britain Stronger economic relationship with Britain

than Germanythan Germany

U.S. Not Truly NeutralU.S. Not Truly Neutral Loans to Britain and France, but not to GermanyLoans to Britain and France, but not to Germany Little protest to British violations of U.S. Neutral rightsLittle protest to British violations of U.S. Neutral rights German submarine warfareGerman submarine warfare

• Designed to combat British dominance of the seasDesigned to combat British dominance of the seas• Lusitania, May 1915Lusitania, May 1915

Led to sharp protest from WilsonLed to sharp protest from Wilson• Government refused to yield unless Britain allowed Government refused to yield unless Britain allowed

cargo to reach German portscargo to reach German ports• Seemed to show that War with Germany was inevitableSeemed to show that War with Germany was inevitable

Wilson Efforts to Avoid WarWilson Efforts to Avoid War

House-Grey memorandum, February, 1916House-Grey memorandum, February, 1916 Won applause from many AmericansWon applause from many Americans

• American Union Against MilitarismAmerican Union Against Militarism Campaign in 1916 based on his peace effortsCampaign in 1916 based on his peace efforts

• Plans for international organization to maintain Plans for international organization to maintain peacepeace

Laid out principles for a lasting peace in early Laid out principles for a lasting peace in early 19171917• Constituted new world order based on equality Constituted new world order based on equality

of all nationsof all nations

U.S. InterventionU.S. Intervention German push for victory on land and at sea, early 1917German push for victory on land and at sea, early 1917

• To counter effect of Russian exit from warTo counter effect of Russian exit from war Zimmerman telegram dashed Wilson’s hopes for negotiated Zimmerman telegram dashed Wilson’s hopes for negotiated

settlementsettlement Benevolent nature of war demonstrated by overthrow of Benevolent nature of war demonstrated by overthrow of

Tsar Nicholas II in RussiaTsar Nicholas II in Russia• Helped Wilson justify intervention on side of democratic Helped Wilson justify intervention on side of democratic

powerspowers Wilson war speech, April 1917Wilson war speech, April 1917

• Grand experiment to remake the worldGrand experiment to remake the world

U.S. Intervention U.S. Intervention (cont.) Impact of American entryImpact of American entry

• U.S. troops separate from Allied forcesU.S. troops separate from Allied forces American Expeditionary ForceAmerican Expeditionary Force

• Eased pressure on British and French on western frontEased pressure on British and French on western front Wilson’s Fourteen Points, January 1918Wilson’s Fourteen Points, January 1918

• To encounter effect of secret Allied treatiesTo encounter effect of secret Allied treaties• Demonstrate that war was being fought for just Demonstrate that war was being fought for just

purposespurposes War ended in November 1918War ended in November 1918

U.S. Mobilizes for “Total” WarU.S. Mobilizes for “Total” War All of nation’s resources committed to war effortAll of nation’s resources committed to war effort Organizing American industryOrganizing American industry

• Food AdministrationFood Administration• Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration• Aircraft Production BoardAircraft Production Board• Emergency Fleet CorporationEmergency Fleet Corporation• War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Organizing American LaborOrganizing American Labor• National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board

Organizing the American MilitaryOrganizing the American Military• Selective Service ActSelective Service Act

Organizing American economyOrganizing American economy Sharp increases in taxesSharp increases in taxes

Fell hardest on wealthy, corporationsFell hardest on wealthy, corporations• Liberty Bond salesLiberty Bond sales

Mobilizing the American publicMobilizing the American public• Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lear

ning

, Inc

. Th

omso

n Le

arni

ng™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der l

icen

se.

Occupations with Largest Increase in Women

Suppressing Wartime DissentSuppressing Wartime Dissent Anti-German propaganda and Anti-German propaganda and

harassmentharassment Trading with the Enemy ActTrading with the Enemy Act Immigration Restriction ActImmigration Restriction Act Espionage, Alien and Sedition ActsEspionage, Alien and Sedition Acts Crackdown on radical labor unionsCrackdown on radical labor unions Role of National Americanization Role of National Americanization

CommitteeCommittee

The Search for International The Search for International PeacePeace

Paris Peace Conference, January 1919Paris Peace Conference, January 1919• Wilson believed Fourteen Points would shape peaceWilson believed Fourteen Points would shape peace

His allies had other ideasHis allies had other ideas• Some points totally jettisonedSome points totally jettisoned• Some accepted in partSome accepted in part• Some compromised or watered downSome compromised or watered down

• Treatment of Germany also a subject of disagreementTreatment of Germany also a subject of disagreement Wilson favored leniencyWilson favored leniency Britain and France demanded harsh settlementBritain and France demanded harsh settlement

• League of Nations would be vehicle for redressing treaty’s League of Nations would be vehicle for redressing treaty’s shortcomingsshortcomings

Usher in Wilson’s new world orderUsher in Wilson’s new world order Covenant establishing League attached to peace treatyCovenant establishing League attached to peace treaty

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lear

ning

, Inc

. Th

omso

n Le

arni

ng™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der l

icen

se.

Europe and Near East After the First World War

US Involvement 1917-1919US Involvement 1917-1919 Wilson’s plan at first was Wilson’s plan at first was isolationism isolationism 11 million German –Americans lived in America11 million German –Americans lived in America Industrial Revolution was still developing in the US, we Industrial Revolution was still developing in the US, we

needed markets needed markets began to sell to both sides, “Blood began to sell to both sides, “Blood Money”Money”

Reasons for America’s change in policyReasons for America’s change in policy• German U-boats, R&D in the field, the Kaiser said there German U-boats, R&D in the field, the Kaiser said there

would be mistakes, many American ships were sunkwould be mistakes, many American ships were sunk• Lusitania, a cruise liner sankLusitania, a cruise liner sank• Zimmerman Note to Mexico, promised California territory Zimmerman Note to Mexico, promised California territory

in exchange for declaration of warin exchange for declaration of war• Acts of industrial sabotage connected to the Kaiser, found Acts of industrial sabotage connected to the Kaiser, found

proof in a briefcase in NY elevator, published in the proof in a briefcase in NY elevator, published in the newspapersnewspapers

• April 1917, US declares warApril 1917, US declares war• Goal of US, not conquest but Goal of US, not conquest but immediate settlementimmediate settlement

Trench warfare. Achieved inches not milesTrench warfare. Achieved inches not miles Rapid rife artilleryRapid rife artillery Air powerAir power Chemical weaponsChemical weapons Massive casualties Massive casualties

©20

04 W

adsw

orth

, a d

ivis

ion

of T

hom

son

Lear

ning

, Inc

. Th

omso

n Le

arni

ng™

is a

trad

emar

k us

ed h

erei

n un

der l

icen

se.

Major players:Major players:**• US US Wilson Wilson• Italy Italy Orlando Orlando• England England Lloyd George Lloyd George• France France Clemanceau Clemanceau-Japan and Russia were not seated at the Conference-Japan and Russia were not seated at the Conference--Russia Russia due to Bolshevik Revolution negotiated a peace w/ due to Bolshevik Revolution negotiated a peace w/

the Germans in 1917 and Japan was not the right creed the Germans in 1917 and Japan was not the right creed and colorand color

-Japanese ministers leave Paris and promise to return,-Japanese ministers leave Paris and promise to return, “……… “……….. next time there’s a war, we’ll be on the right .. next time there’s a war, we’ll be on the right

side.”side.”--Italy Italy ports in Mediterranean, parts of Yugoslavia ports in Mediterranean, parts of Yugoslavia--France France Lebanon, Syria, Northern Africa, Saar valley Lebanon, Syria, Northern Africa, Saar valley

and the Rhine Landand the Rhine LandEnglandEngland Iran, Iraq, and Palestine Iran, Iraq, and PalestineGermanyGermany fault for the war, shame of the loss and war fault for the war, shame of the loss and war

reparations which will cause economic depression in reparations which will cause economic depression in EuropeEurope

Wilson sacrificed all the 14 points to save the League Wilson sacrificed all the 14 points to save the League Based on the 5Based on the 5thth point of settling colonial claims, others point of settling colonial claims, others

came to Paris:came to Paris:

The Treaty Fight at HomeThe Treaty Fight at Home Wilson had to win ratification of the treaty-- and U.S. membership Wilson had to win ratification of the treaty-- and U.S. membership

in the League-- in the U.S. Senatein the League-- in the U.S. Senate• Would not be easyWould not be easy

Senate dominated by Republican PartySenate dominated by Republican Party• ““Irreconcilables” totally opposed to treaty and U.S. Irreconcilables” totally opposed to treaty and U.S.

Membership in LeagueMembership in League• ““Reservationists” wanted revisions before they would assent Reservationists” wanted revisions before they would assent

Constitutional concernsConstitutional concerns Hatred of WilsonHatred of Wilson

Wilson went on offensive when Republicans opposed amendments Wilson went on offensive when Republicans opposed amendments to treatyto treaty• Took case directly to the American peopleTook case directly to the American people• Suffered stroke on speaking tourSuffered stroke on speaking tour

Treaty finally defeatedTreaty finally defeated• U.S. did not join League of NationsU.S. did not join League of Nations

Unrest in American Society Unrest in American Society after the Warafter the War

Labor-management conflictsLabor-management conflicts• Paralyzing postwar strikesParalyzing postwar strikes

Authorities portrayed as anti-American and possibly Communist-Authorities portrayed as anti-American and possibly Communist-inspiredinspired

Postwar Red ScarePostwar Red Scare• Appeal of SocialismAppeal of Socialism• Ideological affinity with Bolsheviks in RussiaIdeological affinity with Bolsheviks in Russia• Government crackdown in dissent and radicalismGovernment crackdown in dissent and radicalism

Helped by newly formed American LegionHelped by newly formed American Legion Palmer raids against suspected radicals and subversivesPalmer raids against suspected radicals and subversives

• Racial conflict and the rise of black nationalismRacial conflict and the rise of black nationalism War aroused expectations in black soldiers that were not fulfilledWar aroused expectations in black soldiers that were not fulfilled Immediate postwar period rife with race riotsImmediate postwar period rife with race riots Role of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement AssociationRole of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association

• Fostered black nationalism, separatism,and self-sufficiencyFostered black nationalism, separatism,and self-sufficiency• Left enduring legacyLeft enduring legacy

Web