chapter 24: fungi - goodhue...fungal classification •fungi known from 900 mya •56,000 known...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 24: Fungi
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Fig. 24-1a, p.390
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Lichen
• Combination of fungus and
photosynthetic organism(s)
• Organisms are symbionts
• Relationship is a mutualism
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Review: Mycorrhiza
• “Fungus-root”
• Mutualism between a fungus and a tree root
• Fungus gets sugars from plant
• Plant gets minerals from fungus
• Many plants do not grow well without mycorrhizae
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Fungi as Decomposers
• Break down organic compounds in their surroundings
• Carry out extracellular digestion and absorption
• Plants benefit because some carbon and nutrients are released
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A Variety of Roles
• Pathogens
• Spoilers of food supplies
• Used to manufacture
–Antibiotics
–Cheeses
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Fungi Are Heterotrophs
• Cannot carry out photosynthesis
• Must acquire organic molecules from the environment
• Most are saprobes
– Get nutrients from nonliving organic matter
• Some are parasites
– Extract nutrients from a living host
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The Mycelium
• Most fungi produce a multicellular
feeding structure called a mycelium
• It consists of branching tubular cells
called hyphae
• Cell walls contain chitin
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p.392
one cell (part
of one hypha of
the mycelium)
The Mycelium
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Extracellular Digestion
• Mycelium grows into food source
• Tips of hyphae secrete digestive enzymes
• Enzymes break down organic material into
simple forms that can be absorbed by hyphae
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Fungal Life Cycle
• No motile stage
• Asexual and sexual spores produced
• Spores germinate after dispersal
• In multicelled species, spores give rise to a
new mycelium
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Fungal Classification
• Fungi known from 900 mya
• 56,000 known species
• Three major lineages:
– Zygomycota
– Ascomycota (sac fungi)
– Basidiomycota (club fungi)
• Imperfect fungi are those not yet classified
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Fig. 24-2, p.392
zygomycetes sac fungi club fungi
chytrids microsporidians
amoeboid ancestors
FUNGI
Fungal Classification
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Fig. 24-3a, p.392
Fungal Classification
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Fig. 24-3b, p.392
Fungal Classification
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Diversity of Club Fungi
• 25,000 species
• Mushrooms
• Shelf fungi
• Coral fungi
• Stinkhorns
• Puffballs
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Fig. 24-3c, p.392
Diversity of
Club Fungi
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Fig. 24-3d, p.392
Diversity of
Club Fungi
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Fig. 24-3e, p.392
Diversity of Club Fungi
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Fungal Spores
• Made up of one or a few cells
• Can resist dehydration
• Remain dormant until environmental conditions favor germination
• Produced asexually or sexually
• Fungal classification is based on type of sexual spores
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Fig. 24-5, p.393
roundworm
part of a
hypha that
formed a
nooselike
ring around
the worm
Imperfect Fungi
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nuclear fusion meiosis Diploid Stage
Haploid Stage
zygospore (2n)
spores (n)
a zygospore b spore sac
mycelium develops from germinated spore
rhizoids
stolon ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION (mitosis)
spores (n)
germinating zygospore
young zygospore
gametangia fusing
contact between hyphae of two mating strains
Fig. 24-6a, p.394
Life Cycle of Rhizopus
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nuclear fusion meiosis
cytoplasmic
fusion
Diploid Stage
Haploid Stage
club-
shaped
structures
with two
nuclei
(n + n) gills
“dikaryotic” (n + n)
mycelium
cap
stalk
Spores (n)
form
Spores released
Germination,
mycelium
forms
Club Fungus Life Cycle
Fig. 24-7, p. 407
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Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)
• Most diverse group (30,000 species)
• Produce asexual spores called conidia
• Produce sexual ascospores in sac-shaped cells call asci
• Multicelled species form reproductive structures called ascocarps that enclose the asci
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Fig. 24-8, p.396
asexual
spores
Diploid Stage
Haploid Stage nuclear
fusion
meiosis
in ascus
mitosis
dispersal,
germination
asexual
spores
hyphae of
mating strain a
hyphae of
mating strain A
cytoplasmic
fusion
diploid (2n) hyphal cell
two A + two a
ascospores (n)
four A + four a
ascospores
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Example of Sac Fungus
Sarcoscypha coccinia, scarlet cup fungus
Ascospores on the inner cup surface
Fig. 24-8, p.396
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Fig. 24-9b, p.396
Example of Sac Fungus
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Fig. 24-9c, p.396
Example of Sac Fungus
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Fig. 24-10b, p.397
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Human Pathogens & Toxins
• Ascomycetes cause
– Histoplasmosis
– Valley fever
– Candida (“yeast”) infections
– Ringworm
– Athlete’s foot
– Ergotism
• Eating some basidiomycetes can be fatal
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Lichen: A Composite Organism
• Fungal mycobiont plus a photosynthetic
photobiont
• Fungal component usually is ascomycete
• Photobiont is cyanobacteria or green algae
• Fungus composes bulk of the structure
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Fig. 24-11a, p.398
Lichen
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Fig. 24-11b, p.398
Lichen
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Fig. 24-11c, p.398
Lichen
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inner layer of
loosely woven
hyphae
dispersal fragment
(cells of fungus and of
photosynthetic species)
outer layer
of fungal cells
photosynthetic
species
outer layer of
fungal cells
Fig. 24-11d, p.398
Lichen Cross Section
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Mycorrhizae
• Mutualistic fungus and tree roots
• Ectomycorrhizae
– Hyphae form net around roots
– Common in temperate forests
• Endomycorrhizae
– Fungus actually enters root cell
– Form in 80% of vascular plants
– Zygomyetes are the fungal partners
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Fig. 24-12a, p.399
Mycorrhizae
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small, young
tree root
hyphal
strands
Fig. 24-12b, p.399
Mycorrhizae
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Fig. 24-12c, p.399
Mycorrhizae
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Fungi in Decline?
• Numbers and kinds of mushrooms are declining
• Decline correlates with rising air pollution
• If the fungal symbionts of trees and other plants are killed, ecosystems will be disrupted
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Fig. 24-13, p.401
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Fig. 24-14, p.401
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Fig. 24-15
p.401
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Fig. 24-15b, p.401