ImperialismImperialism

1800-19141800-1914

A Western Dominated WorldA Western Dominated World

New Imperialism and Its New Imperialism and Its CausesCauses– Domination by one country Domination by one country

of the political, economic, or of the political, economic, or cultural life of another cultural life of another country or region.country or region.

– Economic interestsEconomic interestsRaw materials/ natural Raw materials/ natural resources(petroleum, resources(petroleum, rubber, manganese for rubber, manganese for steel, palm oil for steel, palm oil for machinery, dyes, cotton, machinery, dyes, cotton, hemp)hemp)

Need market to sell factory Need market to sell factory goodsgoods

Political and military interestsPolitical and military interests– Rise of nationalism – “we’re SO better than YOU” – Rise of nationalism – “we’re SO better than YOU” –

land = prestigeland = prestige

Humanitarian GoalsHumanitarian Goals– Westerners feel concern for “little bros” beyond the Westerners feel concern for “little bros” beyond the

seasseas– Missionaries, doctors, colonial officials, etc, obliged to Missionaries, doctors, colonial officials, etc, obliged to

spread blessings of Western civilization; including spread blessings of Western civilization; including medicine, law, and Christian religionmedicine, law, and Christian religion

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Racial superiority; European races are superior; Racial superiority; European races are superior;

imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races imperial conquest and destruction of weaker races were nature’s way of improving the human specieswere nature’s way of improving the human species

Initially Europeans had limited interest in Initially Europeans had limited interest in controlling regions (very expensive)controlling regions (very expensive)

Communication realities prevented Communication realities prevented centralized control (had to rely on local centralized control (had to rely on local admin)admin)

Dutch = PrototypeDutch = Prototype

Dutch paid tribute to Mataram sultansDutch paid tribute to Mataram sultans– Dutch East India Company worked within the Dutch East India Company worked within the

systemsystem

Later backed Mataram sultans in intertribal Later backed Mataram sultans in intertribal conflictsconflicts– Every time the Dutch helped they demanded Every time the Dutch helped they demanded

more landmore landDutch backing was needed due to their organization, Dutch backing was needed due to their organization, weapons, etcweapons, etc

By the 1750s they had given everything upBy the 1750s they had given everything up

The Success of Western The Success of Western ImperialismImperialism

During 1870-1914 Imperialists During 1870-1914 Imperialists gained much more control over gained much more control over the worldthe worldReasons for Western SuccessReasons for Western Success– Weakness of Nonwestern Weakness of Nonwestern

StatesStatesOttoman, Mughal, and Qing Ottoman, Mughal, and Qing empires were decliningempires were decliningSlave trade was draining Slave trade was draining AfricaAfrica

– Western AdvantagesWestern AdvantagesStrong economics, well Strong economics, well organized gvts, pwrful armies organized gvts, pwrful armies and navies, improved medical and navies, improved medical knowledge, military knowledge, military technologytechnology

ResistanceResistance– Asians and Africans often resisted domination Asians and Africans often resisted domination

and fought backand fought back

Criticism at HomeCriticism at Home– Imperialism immoral?Imperialism immoral?– Imperialism hypocritical? Imperialism hypocritical?

Democracy v. imposition of power Democracy v. imposition of power

Forms of Imperial RuleForms of Imperial Rule

ColoniesColonies– France – use direct ruleFrance – use direct rule

Sends officials and soldiers from France to Sends officials and soldiers from France to administeradministerGoal? Impose French culture on colonies and Goal? Impose French culture on colonies and then into French provincesthen into French provinces

– Britain – use indirect ruleBritain – use indirect ruleUse sultans, chiefs/local rulers, etcUse sultans, chiefs/local rulers, etcEncourage children of Western rulers to get Encourage children of Western rulers to get education in Britain (to groom a new Westernized education in Britain (to groom a new Westernized generation of leaders)generation of leaders)

ProtectoratesProtectorates– Local rulers were left in place, but were Local rulers were left in place, but were

expected to follow the advice of European expected to follow the advice of European advisers (Puppet and satellite relationship)advisers (Puppet and satellite relationship)

Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence– Outside power claims exclusive Outside power claims exclusive

investment/trading privileges with an area (US investment/trading privileges with an area (US claims Latin Am.)claims Latin Am.)

New Economic Patterns – New Economic Patterns – Global EconomyGlobal Economy

Money Economy Money Economy – Barter system replaced by money economyBarter system replaced by money economy

Economic Dependency (depend on industrial Economic Dependency (depend on industrial nations products)nations products)– Could be considered economic subjugationCould be considered economic subjugation

ModernizationModernization– Modern banking systemModern banking system– Transportation and communication networksTransportation and communication networks

Railroads!Railroads!

Canals!Canals!

Telegraph!Telegraph!

Cultural ImpactCultural Impact

Westernization – gvt, ideas, technology, and Westernization – gvt, ideas, technology, and cultureculture– Resented or embraced? Resented or embraced?

Schools and Hospitals – Schools and Hospitals – – Built by missionariesBuilt by missionaries– Taught literacyTaught literacy– Introduced vaccines and hygiene Introduced vaccines and hygiene

ReligionReligion– Missionaries and Christian faithMissionaries and Christian faith

Impact on Western Culture Impact on Western Culture – New foods, art, architecture, sculptors, etcNew foods, art, architecture, sculptors, etc

Political EffectsPolitical Effects

World WarsWorld Wars

Early 1900’s – Africa and Asia – Western Early 1900’s – Africa and Asia – Western educated elites begin organizing educated elites begin organizing nationalist movements to end colonial rulenationalist movements to end colonial rule

Competition between industrial Competition between industrial nations=extra tensionnations=extra tension

Your TaskYour Task

Region Foreign Nation

Resources Key figures/ key events

Long term effects

India

South Africa

Congo

New Zealand

Hawaii

Scramble for AfricaScramble for AfricaBerlin Conference – 1884Berlin Conference – 1884

– Called by PortugalCalled by Portugal

– Organized by BismarkOrganized by Bismark

– Formalizes the “Scramble for Africa”Formalizes the “Scramble for Africa”

US was invited but did not participateUS was invited but did not participate

European powers recognize that European powers recognize that

– Congo=Leopold’s Congo=Leopold’s

– Niger River and Congo River = open for ships to traverseNiger River and Congo River = open for ships to traverse

– International prohibition of the slave trade is signedInternational prohibition of the slave trade is signed

– Did not officially “carve up” Africa…but did determine what land Did not officially “carve up” Africa…but did determine what land was currently in the hands of Africans and was thus, fair game…was currently in the hands of Africans and was thus, fair game…

– European powers only held a colony ifEuropean powers only held a colony if

They had treaties with local leadersThey had treaties with local leaders

Their flags flew thereTheir flags flew there

They established an admin thereThey established an admin there

IndiaIndia

Nawabs – Mughal empire’s Muslim princes – regional rulers…often Nawabs – Mughal empire’s Muslim princes – regional rulers…often made independent agreements with the British, Dutch, and Frenchmade independent agreements with the British, Dutch, and French

Sepoys – hired and trained Indian troopsSepoys – hired and trained Indian troops

1763 – Seven Years War Ends1763 – Seven Years War Ends

1818 – British Raj (reign) begins (hold the majority of India)1818 – British Raj (reign) begins (hold the majority of India)

Sepoy Rebellion – 1857Sepoy Rebellion – 1857– Stage a mutiny, proclaim allegiance to the Mughals, elites and Stage a mutiny, proclaim allegiance to the Mughals, elites and

peasants join in…peasants join in…– British send in forces to “contain the trouble”British send in forces to “contain the trouble”– By 1858 – direct imperial rule is imposedBy 1858 – direct imperial rule is imposed

British Imperial Rule in IndiaBritish Imperial Rule in IndiaMadras, Bombay, CalcuttaMadras, Bombay, Calcutta– Admin centers Admin centers – Local leaders of princely states had to report to British Local leaders of princely states had to report to British

adminsadmins

Reasons for British takeoverReasons for British takeover– Muslims/Hindus don’t unite under national identityMuslims/Hindus don’t unite under national identity– Some Indians liked fighting for BritishSome Indians liked fighting for British

Received uniforms, weapons, pay, Received uniforms, weapons, pay,

5 to 1 Indians serving the British to the actual # of 5 to 1 Indians serving the British to the actual # of British soldiersBritish soldiers

India has lots of raw materials, large populationIndia has lots of raw materials, large population

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

South AfricaSouth AfricaDutch colony – halfway to India post 1652Dutch colony – halfway to India post 1652

Boers (farmers) started moving inlandBoers (farmers) started moving inland– Descendents of the Dutch speaking settlersDescendents of the Dutch speaking settlers– Subjugated local Khoikhoi peoples; miscegenation Subjugated local Khoikhoi peoples; miscegenation

ensued creating a “colored” populationensued creating a “colored” population

British take over in the 1800sBritish take over in the 1800s– Boers had not benefited from the Scientific, Boers had not benefited from the Scientific,

Industrial, or Urban revolutionsIndustrial, or Urban revolutions– Had slavesHad slaves

Boers move even further inland…Boers move even further inland…

Boer WarBoer War

Come into contact with established Bantus – the Zulus and XhosaCome into contact with established Bantus – the Zulus and Xhosa

British forced at times to come in on the side of the BoersBritish forced at times to come in on the side of the Boers

Boers try to create the Boer Republics in the 1850sBoers try to create the Boer Republics in the 1850s– Orange Free State and TransvaalOrange Free State and Transvaal– Diamonds were discovered in 1867. Uhoh.Diamonds were discovered in 1867. Uhoh.

Cecil Rhodes moves in and founds De Beers Consolidated Cecil Rhodes moves in and founds De Beers Consolidated

– Boers win first war in 1871Boers win first war in 1871– Gold discovered in 1885Gold discovered in 1885– Boer War from 1899-1902Boer War from 1899-1902– British win, but feel bad about treating Boers horribly, tend to British win, but feel bad about treating Boers horribly, tend to

allow then to rule themselvesallow then to rule themselves– 1910 – Union of South Africa is founded, generally led by 1910 – Union of South Africa is founded, generally led by

AfrikanersAfrikaners

The CongoThe Congo

Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness

King Leopold IIKing Leopold II

New ZealandNew Zealand

Poor MaorisPoor Maoris

HawaiiHawaii

Claimed by British in 1843Claimed by British in 1843

US in 1898US in 1898

Originally Discovered by Captain James Originally Discovered by Captain James CookCook

Population declines by halfPopulation declines by half

Turned to commercial cropsTurned to commercial crops

American planters/naval base encourage American planters/naval base encourage the US to annexthe US to annex

Suez Canal – 1869Suez Canal – 1869

Panama Canal – 1904-1914Panama Canal – 1904-1914